Identification and characterization of novel corrosion inhibitor molecules

ABSTRACT

Methods of employing corrosion inhibitors with oxidizing and/or non-oxidizing biocides, such as peroxycarboxylic acids, to provide corrosion protected compositions are disclosed. Various corrosion inhibitors further provide biocidal efficacy in addition to the corrosion protection providing further benefits for application of use. Methods of employing corrosion protected biocide compositions, such as peroxycarboxylic acid compositions, for corrosion protection are particularly well suited for treating fluids intended to flow through pipes, namely in the energy industry, water and paper industries, etc. Methods providing suitable corrosion protection in comparison to untreated systems and corrosion protected systems using conventional corrosion inhibitors, such as quaternary amines and imidazolines commonly used in the industry, are disclosed.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This is a Continuation Application of U.S. Ser. No. 15/349,536, filedNov. 11, 2016, which claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119 to U.S.Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/254,293, filed Nov. 12, 2015 titled“Identification and Characterization of Novel Corrosion InhibitorMolecules,” the entire contents of which are hereby expresslyincorporated herein by reference including, without limitation, thespecification, claims, and abstract, as well as any figures, tables, ordrawings thereof.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to corrosion control including prevention ofcorrosion in systems using an oxidizing or a non-oxidizing biocide, suchas for example peroxycarboxylic acid compositions, quaternaryphosphonium salts including tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium sulfate(THPS), and/or aldehydes including glutaraldehyde compositions. Inparticular, the corrosion protection properties of novel corrosioninhibitors prevent any microbial induced corrosion from the biocidalcompositions, including percarboxylic acids of varying chain lengths. Insome embodiments, the corrosion inhibitors provide biocidal efficacy inaddition to the corrosion protection provide further benefits forapplication of use. Methods of employing the corrosion inhibitors withthe biocidal compositions, including peroxycarboxylic acid compositions,are particularly well suited for treating fluids intended to flowthrough pipes, namely in the energy industry, water and paperindustries, etc. The methods provide suitable corrosion protection incomparison to untreated systems and corrosion protection achieved fromknown corrosion inhibitors, such as quaternary amines and imidazolinescommonly used in the industry.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Among various biocides known, peroxycarboxylic acids are increasinglyused in many applications, owing to their high efficacy against a broadspectrum of microorganisms, color safe property, low residues andnontoxic nature of their decomposition products. The use ofperoxycarboxylic biocides are particularly useful in promoting waterreuse in conventional and unconventional oil and gas exploration.However, various limitations of employing peroxycarboxylic biocides inthe oil and gas industry, along with other industries, are knownincluding corrosive effects resulting from use of peroxycarboxylicbiocides for protection against microbial induced corrosion (MIC) whichlimits its applications of use.

Corrosion prevents significant difficulties in oil and gas wells whichare typically subjected to numerous chemical treatments during theirproduction life to enhance operation and protect the integrity of thesurfaces. Corrosion of metal surfaces in aqueous media has long been aproblem for the oil and gas industry. It is well-known that during theproduction of oil and gas several other corrosive components arepresent, such as brines, organic acids, carbon dioxide, hydrogensulfide, and microorganisms. These aggressive constituents can causesevere corrosion as demonstrated by surface pitting, embrittlement, andloss of metal.

Corrosion issues are even more troublesome in deep-sea operations wherereplacement of corroded equipment is difficult and costly. Therefore, itis common practice to employ corrosion inhibitors during the production,transportation, storage, and separation of crude oil and natural gas.Corrosion inhibitors are usually surface-active compounds that formprotective coatings on the surface of metals and suppress corrosion bypreventing or reducing contact of the corrosive species to the pipelinesurface. Common corrosion inhibitors are composed of amines,condensation products of fatty acids with polyamines, imidazolines,and/or quaternary ammonium compounds. Among the most frequently usedcorrosion inhibitors in crude oil and natural gas extraction areimidazoline derivatives and benzyldimethylalkylammonium chlorides.

There is a need for development of new, high-performance actives thatmeet the needs for corrosion control in various applications includingthose treated with biocides causing corrosion.

Accordingly, it is an objective of the invention to developcorrosion-inhibiting water treatments for use in systems for use in oiland gas and other operations.

A further object of the invention is to provide a method of reducing orelimination corrosion in a treated water using an oxidizing or anon-oxidizing biocide, such as peroxycarboxylic acids, and a novelcorrosion inhibitor molecule.

Other objects, advantages and features of the present invention willbecome apparent from the following specification taken in conjunctionwith the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to the use of peroxycarboxylicacids and other non-oxidizing biocides and corrosion inhibitor moleculesfor inhibiting, reducing and/or eliminating corrosion in a water sourceand/or treated system. The present invention further relates to the usesof corrosion inhibited biocides for treating a target water source,e.g., water used in connection with oil- and gas-field operations foranti-corrosion benefits.

In an additional aspect, the invention relates to corrosion inhibitedaqueous compositions including from about 0.5 ppm to about 50,000 ppm ofan oxidizing or non-oxidizing biocide, and from about 1 ppm to about10,000 ppm of a corrosion inhibitor. In an aspect the corrosioninhibited aqueous composition is a peroxyformic acid composition. In anaspect, the corrosion inhibitors include alkyl pyridinium salts, cetylpyridinium salts, polyesteramides, dimethicones, imidazole derivatives,sulphonamides and combinations thereof. In an aspect pH of thecompositions is below 12.0. In an aspect, the corrosion inhibitedaqueous composition provides a treated surface or system with acorrosion rate of less than about 4 mils per year (MPY).

In an additional aspect, the invention relates to a peroxyformic acidpre-mix composition for generating a corrosion inhibited biocidecomposition comprising: a first premix composition comprising formicacid and a corrosion inhibitor selected from the group consisting ofalkyl pyridinium salts, cetyl pyridinium salts, polyesteramides,dimethicones, imidazole derivatives, sulphonamides and combinationsthereof and a second composition comprising a hydrogen peroxide source,wherein the combination of the first premix composition and the secondcomposition generate peroxyformic acid in situ. In an aspect, the premixcomposition is stable for an extended period of time. In an additionalaspect, the invention relates to a corrosion inhibited non-oxidizingbiocide composition comprising a non-oxidizing biocide and a corrosioninhibitor selected from the group consisting of alkyl pyridinium salts,cetyl pyridinium salts, polyesteramides, dimethicones, imidazolederivatives, sulphonamides and combinations thereof. In an aspect, thepremix composition is stable for an extended period of time.

While multiple embodiments are disclosed, still other embodiments of thepresent invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art fromthe following detailed description, which shows and describesillustrative embodiments of the invention. Accordingly, the drawings anddetailed description are to be regarded as illustrative in nature andnot restrictive.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a typical corrosion profile obtained from bubble cellexperiments.

FIGS. 2A-2B show the results from corrosion testing for biocide 1 (FIG.2A) and biocide 2 (FIG. 2B) in combination with corrosion inhibitormolecule cocoamphodiproprionate sodium salt according to an embodimentof the invention.

FIGS. 3A-3B show the results from corrosion testing for biocide 3 (FIG.3A) and biocide 4 (FIG. 3B) in combination with corrosion inhibitormolecule cocoamphodiproprionate sodium salt according to an embodimentof the invention.

FIG. 4A shows a data plot showing cocoamphodiproprionate sodium saltcorrosion protection against CO₂ corrosion according to an embodiment ofthe invention.

FIG. 4B shows a data plot showing cocoamphodiproprionate sodium saltcorrosion protection is capable of an increase in the biocidalproperties of biocide 4 according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIGS. 5A-5B show the results from corrosion testing for biocide 1 (FIG.5A) and biocide 2 (FIG. 5B) in combination with corrosion inhibitormolecule hyperbranched polyeasteramide.

FIGS. 6A-6B shows the corrosion protective properties of hyperbranchedpolyesteramide when treated with biocide 3 (FIG. 6A) and biocide 4 (FIG.6B) according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 7A shows a data plot showing corrosion protective properties ofhyperbranched polyesteramide against generalized corrosion produced byCO₂.

FIG. 7B shows a data plot showing hyperbranched polyesteramide does notprovide any biocidal efficiency alone nor when dosed together withbiocide 4.

FIGS. 8A-8B show the results from corrosion testing for biocide 1 (FIG.8A) and biocide 2 (FIG. 8B) in combination with corrosion inhibitormolecule cocoglucoside dimethicone.

FIGS. 9A-9B show further evidence of the corrosion protective propertiesof cocoglucoside dimethicone when treated with biocide 3 (FIG. 9A) andbiocide 4 (FIG. 9B).

FIG. 10A shows the corrosion protective properties of cocoglucosidedimethicone against corrosion produced by CO₂ according to an embodimentof the invention.

FIG. 10B shows cocoglucoside dimethicone does not provide any biocidalefficiency alone nor when dosed together with biocide 4 according to anembodiment of the invention.

FIGS. 11A-11B show the results from corrosion testing for biocide 1(FIG. 11A) and biocide 2 (FIG. 11B) in combination with corrosioninhibitor molecule 2-hydroxylethyl-N-methylbutane-1-sulphonamide.

FIGS. 12A-12B show the results from corrosion testing for biocide 3(FIG. 12A) and biocide 4 (FIG. 12B) in combination with corrosioninhibitor molecule 2-hydroxylethyl-N-methylbutane-4-sulphonamide.

FIG. 13A plots the data showing corrosion protection of2-hydroxylethyl-N-methylbutane-1-sulphonamide against CO₂ corrosionaccording to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 13B shows 2-hydroxylethyl-N-methylbutane-1-sulphonamide does nothave any biocidal properties either by itself or when used inconjunction with a biocide according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIGS. 14A-14B shows the results from corrosion testing for biocide 1(FIG. 14A) and biocide 2 (FIG. 14B) in combination with corrosioninhibitor molecule dodecyl succinic anhydride.

FIGS. 15A-15B show the results from corrosion testing for biocide 3(FIG. 15A) and biocide 4 (FIG. 15B) in combination with corrosioninhibitor molecule dodecyl succinic anhydride.

FIG. 16A plots the data testing the corrosion protection of dodecylsuccinic anhydride against CO₂ corrosion according to an embodiment ofthe invention.

FIG. 16B shows dodecenyl succinic anhydride provides a modest increasein the biocidal properties of glutaraldehyde but is not efficient inreducing the number of viable microorganisms by itself according to anembodiment of the invention.

FIGS. 17A-17B show the results from corrosion testing for biocide 1(FIG. 17A) and biocide 2 (FIG. 17B) in combination with corrosioninhibitor molecule cetyl pyridinium bromide.

FIGS. 18A-18B show the results from corrosion testing for biocide 3(FIG. 18A) and biocide 4 (FIG. 18B) in combination with corrosioninhibitor molecule cetyl pyridinium bromide.

FIG. 19A tests the corrosion protective properties of cetyl pyridiniumbromide against generalized corrosion produced by CO₂ according to anembodiment of the invention.

FIG. 19B shows cetyl pyridinium bromide provides excellent biocidalenhancement when used in conjunction with biocide 4, in addition toefficiently reducing the number of viable microorganisms by itselfaccording to an embodiment of the invention.

FIGS. 20A-20B show the results from corrosion testing for biocide 1(FIG. 20A) and biocide 2 (FIG. 20B) in combination with corrosioninhibitor molecule cetyl pyridinium chloride.

FIGS. 21A-21B provide further evidence of corrosion protectiveproperties testing for biocide 3 (FIG. 21A) and biocide 4 (FIG. 21B) incombination with corrosion inhibitor molecule cetyl pyridinium chloride.

FIG. 22A shows the corrosion protective properties of cetyl pyridiniumchloride against generalized corrosion produced by CO₂ according to anembodiment of the invention.

FIG. 22B shows cetyl pyridinium chloride provides excellent biocidalenhancement when used in conjunction with biocide 4, in addition toefficiently reducing the number of viable microorganisms by itselfaccording to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 23 shows the percentage viable bacterial for untreated versuscorrosion inhibitor treated systems wherein corrosion inhibitormolecules cetyl pyridinium bromide and cetyl pyridinium chloride showenhancement in biocide activity when used in conjunction with a biocideaccording to an embodiment of the invention.

Various embodiments of the present invention will be described in detailwith reference to the drawings, wherein like reference numeralsrepresent like parts throughout the several views. Reference to variousembodiments does not limit the scope of the invention. Figuresrepresented herein are not limitations to the various embodimentsaccording to the invention and are presented for exemplary illustrationof the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

The embodiments of this invention are not limited to particularcompositions and/or methods of corrosion inhibition, which can vary andare understood by skilled artisans. For clarity of disclosure, and notby way of limitation, the detailed description of the invention isdivided into the subsections that follow. It is further to be understoodthat all terminology used herein is for the purpose of describingparticular embodiments only, and is not intended to be limiting in anymanner or scope. For example, as used in this specification and theappended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” can includeplural referents unless the content clearly indicates otherwise.Further, all units, prefixes, and symbols may be denoted in its SIaccepted form.

Definitions

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used hereinhave the same meaning as is commonly understood by one of ordinary skillin the art to which this invention belongs. All patents, applications,published applications and other publications referred to herein areincorporated by reference in their entireties. If a definition set forthin this section is contrary to or otherwise inconsistent with adefinition set forth in the patents, applications, publishedapplications and other publications that are herein incorporated byreference, the definition set forth in this section prevails over thedefinition that is incorporated herein by reference.

So that the present invention may be more readily understood, certainterms are first defined. Unless defined otherwise, all technical andscientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonlyunderstood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which embodiments ofthe invention pertain. Many methods and materials similar, modified, orequivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice of theembodiments of the present invention without undue experimentation, thepreferred materials and methods are described herein. In describing andclaiming the embodiments of the present invention, the followingterminology will be used in accordance with the definitions set outbelow.

Throughout this disclosure, various aspects of this invention arepresented in a range format. It should be understood that thedescription in range format is merely for convenience and brevity andshould not be construed as an inflexible limitation on the scope of theinvention. Accordingly, numeric ranges recited within the specificationare inclusive of the numbers within the defined range. The descriptionof a range should be considered to have specifically disclosed all thepossible sub-ranges as well as individual numerical values within thatrange. For example, description of a range such as from 1 to 6 should beconsidered to have specifically disclosed sub-ranges such as from 1 to3, from 1 to 4, from 1 to 5, from 2 to 4, from 2 to 6, from 3 to 6 etc.,as well as individual numbers within that range, for example, 1, 2, 3,4, 5, and 6. This applies regardless of the breadth of the range.

The term “about,” as used herein, refers to variation in the numericalquantity that can occur, for example, through typical measuring andliquid handling procedures used for making concentrates or use solutionsin the real world; through inadvertent error in these procedures;through differences in the manufacture, source, or purity of theingredients used to make the compositions or carry out the methods; andthe like. The term “about” also encompasses amounts that differ due todifferent equilibrium conditions for a composition resulting from aparticular initial mixture. Whether or not modified by the term “about”,the claims include equivalents to the quantities.

The term “actives” or “percent actives” or “percent by weight actives”or “actives concentration” are used interchangeably herein and refers tothe concentration of those ingredients involved in cleaning expressed asa percentage minus inert ingredients such as water or salts.

As used herein, the term “cleaning” refers to a method used tofacilitate or aid in soil removal, bleaching, microbial populationreduction, and any combination thereof. For the purpose of this patentapplication, successful microbial reduction is achieved when themicrobial populations are reduced by at least about 50%, or bysignificantly more than is achieved by a wash with water. Largerreductions in microbial population provide greater levels of protection.

“Corrosion” means a chemical process which takes place on the surface ofthe solid material in contact with a fluidic medium, the process causesa loss of material from the surface to the medium, it may be the resultof an anodic-cathodic type reaction caused between iron and water, itexcludes erosion type processes. Biocorrosion means corrosion resultingfrom the presence and activities of microorganisms which induce,accelerate, and/or maintain a corrosion reaction in a solid surface(such as metal)-fluid interface, typically conditioned by a biofilm, itsrate and effects are influenced by the type/composition of the solidsurface and/or fluid, the arrangement of the microorganisms on the solidsurface, and/or the metabolic activity of the microorganisms.

As used herein, the term “disinfectant” refers to an agent that killsall vegetative cells including most recognized pathogenicmicroorganisms, using the procedure described in A.O.A.C. Use DilutionMethods, Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of OfficialAnalytical Chemists, paragraph 955.14 and applicable sections, 15thEdition, 1990 (EPA Guideline 91-2). As used herein, the term “high leveldisinfection” or “high level disinfectant” refers to a compound orcomposition that kills substantially all organisms, except high levelsof bacterial spores, and is effected with a chemical germicide clearedfor marketing as a sterilant by the Food and Drug Administration. Asused herein, the term “intermediate-level disinfection” or “intermediatelevel disinfectant” refers to a compound or composition that killsmycobacteria, most viruses, and bacteria with a chemical germicideregistered as a tuberculocide by the Environmental Protection Agency(EPA). As used herein, the term “low-level disinfection” or “low leveldisinfectant” refers to a compound or composition that kills someviruses and bacteria with a chemical germicide registered as a hospitaldisinfectant by the EPA.

As used herein, the term “free,” “no,” “substantially no” or“substantially free” refers to a composition, mixture, or ingredientthat does not contain a particular compound or to which a particularcompound or a particular compound-containing compound has not beenadded. Should the particular compound be present through contaminationand/or use in a minimal amount of a composition, mixture, oringredients, the amount of the compound shall be less than about 3 wt-%.More preferably, the amount of the compound is less than 2 wt-%, lessthan 1 wt-%, and most preferably the amount of the compound is less than0.5 wt-%.

As used herein, the term “microorganism” refers to any noncellular orunicellular (including colonial) organism. Microorganisms include allprokaryotes. Microorganisms include bacteria (including cyanobacteria),spores, lichens, fungi, protozoa, virinos, viroids, viruses, phages, andsome algae. As used herein, the term “microbe” is synonymous withmicroorganism.

As used herein, the terms “mixed” or “mixture” when used relating to“percarboxylic acid composition,” “percarboxylic acids,”“peroxycarboxylic acid composition” or “peroxycarboxylic acids” refer toa composition or mixture including more than one percarboxylic acid orperoxycarboxylic acid.

As used herein, the term “sanitizer” refers to an agent that reduces thenumber of bacterial contaminants to safe levels as judged by publichealth requirements. In an embodiment, sanitizers for use in thisinvention will provide at least a 3 log reduction and more preferably a5-log order reduction. These reductions can be evaluated using aprocedure set out in Germicidal and Detergent Sanitizing Action ofDisinfectants, Official Methods of Analysis of the Association ofOfficial Analytical Chemists, paragraph 960.09 and applicable sections,15th Edition, 1990 (EPA Guideline 91-2). According to this reference asanitizer should provide a 99.999% reduction (5-log order reduction)within 30 seconds at room temperature, 25±2° C., against several testorganisms.

Differentiation of antimicrobial “-cidal” or “-static” activity, thedefinitions which describe the degree of efficacy, and the officiallaboratory protocols for measuring this efficacy are considerations forunderstanding the relevance of antimicrobial agents and compositions.Antimicrobial compositions can affect two kinds of microbial celldamage. The first is a lethal, irreversible action resulting in completemicrobial cell destruction or incapacitation. The second type of celldamage is reversible, such that if the organism is rendered free of theagent, it can again multiply. The former is termed microbiocidal and thelater, microbistatic. A sanitizer and a disinfectant are, by definition,agents which provide antimicrobial or microbiocidal activity. Incontrast, a preservative is generally described as an inhibitor ormicrobistatic composition

The term “substantially similar performance” refers generally toachievement by a substitute anti-corrosion product or substituteanti-corrosion system of generally the same degree (or at least not asignificantly lesser degree) of corrosion inhibition.

As used herein, the term “sulfoperoxycarboxylic acid,” “sulfonatedperacid,” or “sulfonated peroxycarboxylic acid” refers to theperoxycarboxylic acid form of a sulfonated carboxylic acid. In someembodiments, the sulfonated peracids of the present invention aremid-chain sulfonated peracids. As used herein, the term “mid-chainsulfonated peracid” refers to a peracid compound that includes asulfonate group attached to a carbon that is at least one carbon (e.g.,the three position or further) from the carbon of the percarboxylic acidgroup in the carbon backbone of the percarboxylic acid chain, whereinthe at least one carbon is not in the terminal position. As used herein,the term “terminal position,” refers to the carbon on the carbonbackbone chain of a percarboxylic acid that is furthest from thepercarboxyl group.

As used herein, the term “water” for treatment according to theinvention includes a variety of sources, such as freshwater, pond water,sea water, salt water or brine source, brackish water, recycled water,or the like. Waters are also understood to optionally include both freshand recycled water sources (e.g. “produced waters”), as well as anycombination of waters for treatment according to the invention. In someembodiments, produced water (or reuse water) refers to a mixture ofwater that comprises both water recycled from previous or concurrentoil- and gas-field operations, e.g., fracking, and water that has notbeen used in oil- and gas-field operations, e.g., fresh water, pondwater, sea water, etc.

The term “weight percent,” “wt-%,” “percent by weight,” “% by weight,”and variations thereof, as used herein, refer to the concentration of asubstance as the weight of that substance divided by the total weight ofthe composition and multiplied by 100. It is understood that, as usedhere, “percent,” “%,” and the like are intended to be synonymous with“weight percent,” “wt-%,” etc.

The methods, systems, and compositions of the present invention maycomprise, consist essentially of, or consist of the components andingredients of the present invention as well as other ingredientsdescribed herein. As used herein, “consisting essentially of” means thatthe methods, systems, and compositions may include additional steps,components or ingredients, but only if the additional steps, componentsor ingredients do not materially alter the basic and novelcharacteristics of the claimed methods, systems, and compositions.

Corrosion Protected Peroxycarboxylic Acids and/or Biocidal Compositions

In an aspect of the invention, an oxidizing or a non-oxidizing biocidecomposition is employed for biocidal properties and in need of corrosionprotection. The oxidizing or non-oxidizing biocide is used incombination with a corrosion inhibitor composition. In an aspect, thecorrosion inhibitors are combined with the oxidizing or non-oxidizingbiocide at a point of use for corrosion inhibited biocidal activity. Inan alterative aspect, the biocide and corrosion inhibitor can beformulated into a combined composition.

Corrosion Inhibitors

The compositions and methods employing the compositions according to theinvention are suitable for inhibiting and/or preventing corrosion from atarget caused by general and biocide-induced corrosion. In an aspect,the compositions comprise, consist of and/or consist essentially of acorrosion inhibitor. Corrosion inhibitors suitable for use include alkylpyridinium salts, cetyl pyridinium salts, polyesteramides, dimethicones,propionates and cocoacyl derivatives (which more broadly includesimidazole derivatives), and sulphonamides. While sections of the presentdisclosure may refer to a “corrosion inhibitor,” it is to be understood,unless specified to the contrary, that a “corrosion inhibitor” or“corrosion inhibitor composition” may comprise a single corrosioninhibiting compound or may comprise a mixture of two or more corrosioninhibiting compounds

Corrosion inhibitors suitable for use according to the invention forpreventing general and namely biocide-induced corrosion include alkylpyridinium salts, including cetyl pyridinium and its salts. Examples ofsuitable cetyl pyridinium salts include cetyl pyridinium bromide andcetyl pyridinium chloride. Cetyl pyridinium and its salt corrosioninhibitors may be provided at a percent actives of about 20%, such ascommercially-available from Sigma-Aldrich or other commercial chemicalsuppliers.

Additional corrosion inhibitors suitable for use according to theinvention for preventing general and namely biocide-induced corrosioninclude polyesteramides. An example of a suitable polyesteramide is thehyperbranched polyesteramide, 2,5-Furandione, dihydro-, Polymer with1,1′-iminobis[2-propanol]) (CAS no: 362603-93-8). In some aspects thepolyesteramides have anhydride building blocks, such as thehyperbranched polyesteramide and dodecenyl succinic anhydride.Accordingly, in an aspect, the corrosion inhibitors include anhydridecompounds. Anhydride compounds may be provided at a percent actives ofabout 50%, such as the hyperbranched polyesteramidecommercially-available from Sigma-Aldrich or other similar commercialchemical suppliers, or the dodecenyl succinic anhydridecommercially-available from Sigma-Aldrich or other similar commercialchemical suppliers.

Additional corrosion inhibitors suitable for use according to theinvention for preventing general and namely biocide-induced corrosioninclude dimethicone compounds. Exemplary dimethicone compounds includepolydimethylsiloxanes or polymeric organosilicone compounds. A generalformula for polydimethylsiloxanes is CH₃[Si(CH₃)₂O]_(n)Si(CH₃)₃, where nis the number of repeating monomer [SiO(CH₃)₂] units. Examples ofsuitable dimethicone include cocoglucoside dimethicone and siliconequaternized alkylamido dimethylamine. Such dimethicones are commerciallyavailable at percent active ranges of 17.5% and 28.5%, respectively,such as commercially-available from Sigma-Aldrich or other similarcommercial chemical suppliers.

Still further corrosion inhibitors suitable for use according to theinvention for preventing general and namely biocide-induced corrosioninclude imidazole derivatives, namely propionates and cocoacylderivatives. Exemplary imidazole derivatives include long chainimidazole derivatives having the general formula:

wherein R is an acyclic hydrophobic group containing from about 8 to 18carbon atoms and M is a cation to neutralize the charge of the anion,generally sodium. In a preferred aspect, the corrosion inhibitor is apropionate and/or cocoacyl derivative. Commercially availableimidazoline derivatives include for example: Cocoamphopropionate and itssalts thereof, cocoamphodipropionate and its salts thereof, such ascocoamphodiproprionate sodium salt (COCOAP). Other exemplary imidazolederivatives include cocoamphocarboxy-propionate, cocoamphoglycinate,cocoamphocarboxy-glycinate, cocoamphopropyl-sulfonate, andcocoamphocarboxy-propionic acid.

Still further corrosion inhibitors suitable for use according to theinvention for preventing general and namely biocide-induced corrosioninclude sulphonamides. A general formula for a sulphonamide functionalgroup is —S(═O)₂—NH₂ where a sulfonyl group is connected to an amine.Exemplary sulphonamides include2-hydroxylethyl-N-methylbutane-1-sulphonamide. Such sulphonamide iscommercially available at percent active ranges of about 24-25%, such ascommercially-available from Sigma-Aldrich or other similar commercialchemical suppliers.

The corrosion inhibitor can be used at any suitable concentration. Insome embodiments, the corrosion inhibitor has a concentration from about1 wt-% to about 100 wt-% in a composition or a aqueous system in need ofcorrosion inhibition. In other embodiments, the corrosion inhibitor hasa concentration from about 1 wt-% to about 90 wt-%, or about 10 wt-% toabout 90 wt-%. In still other embodiments, the corrosion inhibitor has aconcentration at about 10 wt-% to about 90 wt-%, about 20 wt-% to about90 wt-%, about 30 wt-% to about 90 wt-%, about 40 wt-% to about 90 wt-%,about 50 wt-% to about 90 wt-%, about 60 wt-% to about 90 wt-%, about 70wt-% to about 90 wt-%, about 80 wt-% to about 90 wt-%, or about 90 wt-%.In still other embodiments, the corrosion inhibitor has a concentrationat about 50 wt-% to about 100 wt-% of a corrosion inhibitor composition,at about 50 wt-% to about 90 wt-% of a corrosion inhibitor composition,or at about 70 wt-% to about 90 wt-% of a corrosion inhibitorcomposition.

In still other aspects, the corrosion inhibitor can be used at anysuitable concentration in a aqueous source, such as a water source, inneed of corrosion protection caused by general and biocide-inducedcorrosion. In an aspect, the corrosion inhibitor can be used at aconcentration in a aqueous source from about 1 ppm to about 10,000 ppm,preferably from about 1 ppm to about 1,000 ppm, from about 1 ppm toabout 500 ppm, from about 1 ppm to about 200 ppm, from about 1 ppm toabout 100 ppm, from about 5 ppm to about 100 ppm, or from about 10 ppmto about 100 ppm. For example, the corrosion inhibitor can comprise fromabout 1 to about 10 ppm, about 10 to about 20 ppm, about 20 to about 30ppm, about 30 to about 40 ppm, about 40 to about 50 ppm, about 50 toabout 60 ppm, about 60 to about 70 ppm, about 70 to about 80 ppm, about80 to about 90 ppm, about 90 to about 100 ppm, about 100 to about 110ppm, about 110 to about 120 ppm, about 120 to about 130 ppm, about 130to about 140 ppm, about 140 to about 150 ppm, about 100 to about 150ppm, about 150 to about 200 ppm, about 200 to about 250 ppm, about 250to about 300 ppm, about 300 to about 350 ppm, about 350 to about 400ppm, about 400 to about 450 ppm, about 450 to about 500 ppm, about 500to about 550 ppm, about 550 to about 600 ppm, about 600 to about 650ppm, about 650 to about 700 ppm, about 700 to about 750 ppm, about 750to about 800 ppm, about 800 to about 850 ppm, about 850 to about 900ppm, about 900 to about 950 ppm, about 950 to about 1,000 ppm, about1,000 to about 1,500 ppm, about 1,500 to about 2,000 ppm, about 2,000 toabout 2,500 ppm, about 2,500 to about 3,000 ppm, about 3,000 to about3,500 ppm, about 3,500 to about 4,000 ppm, about 4,000 to about 4,500ppm, about 4,500 to about 5,000 ppm, about 5,000 to about 5,500 ppm,about 5,500 to about 6,000 ppm, about 6,000 to about 6,500 ppm, about6,500 to about 7,000 ppm, about 7,000 to about 7,500 ppm, about 7,500 toabout 8,000 ppm, about 8,000 to about 8,500 ppm, about 8,500 to about9,000 ppm, about 9,000 to about 10,000 ppm.

In some embodiments, the ratio between the level of the biocide, such asa peroxycarboxylic acid (w/v) and the level of the corrosion inhibitor(w/v) used in the present method can be from about 0.01 to about 100,e.g., about 0.01 to about 0.05, about 0.05 to about 0.1, about 0.1 toabout 0.5, about 0.5 to about 1, about 1 to about 2, about 2 to about 3,about 3 to about 4, about 4 to about 5, about 5 to about 6, about 6 toabout 7, about 7 to about 8, about 8 to about 9, about 9 to about 10,about 10 to about 15, about 15 to about 20, about 20 to about 25, about25 to about 30, about 30 to about 35, about 35 to about 40, about 40 toabout 45, about 45 to about 50, about 50 to about 60, about 60 to about70, about 70 to about 80, about 80 to about 90, about 90 to about 100.In still other embodiments, the corrosion inhibitor can be used at alevel that has a synergistic effect with the biocide, namely aperoxycarboxylic acid, to stabilize or reduce microbial population inand/or on the target or the treated target composition. In yet otherembodiments, the corrosion inhibitor can be used at a level that reducesacid corrosion in and/or on the target or the treated targetcomposition. In yet other embodiments, the corrosion inhibitor can beused at a level that has a synergistic effect with the biocide, such asa peroxycarboxylic acid, to stabilize or reduce microbial population inand/or on the target or the treated target composition and reduces acidcorrosion in and/or on the target or the treated target composition.

Biocide

The compositions and methods employing the compositions according to theinvention are suitable for inhibiting and/or preventing corrosion from atarget caused by general and biocide-induced corrosion. Biocidessuitable for use according to the present invention include bothoxidizing and non-oxidizing biocides. Biocides are often classified asoxidizing or non-oxidizing, depending on their chemical composition andmode of action. In an aspect, the compositions comprise, consist ofand/or consist essentially of an oxidizing biocide in combination with acorrosion inhibitor. In an alternative aspect, the compositionscomprise, consist of and/or consist essentially of a non-oxidizingbiocide in combination with a corrosion inhibitor. In an aspect, thebiocide is selected from the group consisting of a peroxycarboxylicacid, quaternary phosphonium salts includingtetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium sulfate (THPS), aldehydes includingglutaraldehyde compositions, or combinations thereof.

Non-Oxidizing Biocides

In an aspect, the compositions comprise, consist of and/or consistessentially of a non-oxidizing biocide in combination with a corrosioninhibitor. Non-oxidizing biocide useful in the invention include, butare not limited to, aldehydes, formaldehyde releasing compounds,phenolics, amides, halogenated amides, carbamates, heterocycliccompounds containing nitrogen and sulfur atoms in the ring structure,electrophilic active substances having an activated halogen group in thealpha-position and/or in the vinyl position to an electronegative group,nucleophilic active substance having an alkyl group and at least oneleaving group, and surface active agents. The aldehyde containingcompounds can be linear, branched or aromatic. An example of aldehydeuseful in the invention, but is not limited to, glutaraldehyde. Theformaldehyde releasing compounds are preferably halogenated, methylatednitro-hydrocarbons. The quaternary phosphonium salts preferably includetetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium sulfate (THPS).

Oxidizing Biocides

In an aspect, the compositions comprise, consist of and/or consistessentially of an oxidizing biocide in combination with a corrosioninhibitor. Typically when oxidizing biocides are used in microbiologicalcontrol programs in other process systems they are applied in such amanner as to apply quantities sufficient to maintain a free oxidizerresidual in the process. Conventionally, excess of oxidizing biocide areknown to corrode the mild steel pipeline making the treatment pointless.The present invention employing a corrosion inhibitor suitable for usewith oxidizing biocides overcomes this conventional limitation. Aparticularly suitable example of an oxidizing biocide is aperoxycarboxylic acid composition or forming composition.

Peroxycarboxylic Acid Compositions

In an aspect, the compositions comprise, consist of and/or consistessentially of a peroxycarboxylic acid composition. In an aspect, thecompositions comprise, consist of and/or consist essentially of aperoxycarboxylic acid, carboxylic acid and hydrogen peroxide. Withoutbeing limited to a particular mechanism of action the peroxycarboxylicacids suitable for use for the methods of the invention are limited to aparticular formula. According to the invention, corrosion inhibition isprovided by peroxycarboxylic acids of varying sizes and formulas due tothe R—(COOH) functionality. In an aspect, a molar equivalent ofpercarboxylic acid, including those of varying chain lengths, isrequired for corrosion inhibition according to the invention.

Carboxylic Acid

The peroxycarboxylic acid compositions employed according to theinvention include a carboxylic acid. A carboxylic acid includes anycompound of the formula R—(COOH)n in which R can be hydrogen, alkyl,alkenyl, alkyne, acylic, alicyclic group, aryl, heteroaryl, orheterocylic group, and n is 1, 2, or 3. Preferably R includes hydrogen,alkyl, or alkenyl. The terms “alkyl,” “alkenyl,” “alkyne,” “acylic,”“alicyclic group,” “aryl,” “heteroaryl,” and “heterocyclic group” are asdefined below with respect to percarboxylic acids.

Examples of suitable carboxylic acids according to the equilibriumsystems of the invention include a variety monocarboxylic acids,dicarboxylic acids, and tricarboxylic acids. Monocarboxylic acidsinclude, for example, formic acid, acetic acid, propanoic acid, butanoicacid, pentanoic acid, hexanoic acid, heptanoic acid, octanoic acid,nonanoic acid, decanoic acid, undecanoic acid, dodecanoic acid, glycolicacid, lactic acid, salicylic acid, acetylsalicylic acid, mandelic acid,etc. Dicarboxylic acids include, for example, adipic acid, fumaric acid,glutaric acid, maleic acid, succinic acid, malic acid, tartaric acid,etc. Tricarboxylic acids include, for example, citric acid, trimelliticacid, isocitric acid, agaicic acid, etc.

In an aspect of the invention, a particularly well suited carboxylicacid is water soluble such as formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid,butanoic acid, lactic acid, glycolic acid, citric acid, mandelic acid,glutaric acid, maleic acid, malic acid, adipic acid, succinic acid,tartaric acid, etc. Preferably a composition of the invention includesacetic acid, octanoic acid, or propionic acid, lactic acid, heptanoicacid, octanoic acid, or nonanoic acid. Additional examples of suitablecarboxylic acids are employed in sulfoperoxycarboxylic acid orsulfonated peracid systems, which are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos.8,344,026, 8,809,392, and U.S. Publication No. 2012/0052134, each ofwhich are herein incorporated by reference in their entireties.

Any suitable C₁-C₂₂ carboxylic acid can be used in the presentcompositions. In some embodiments, the C₁-C₂₂ carboxylic acid is aC₂-C₂₀ carboxylic acid. In other embodiments, the C₁-C₂₂ carboxylic acidis a C₁, C₂, C₃, C₄, C₅, C₆, C₇, C₈, C₉, C₁₀, C₁₁, C₁₂, C₁₃, C₁₄, C₁₅,C₁₆, C₁₇, C₁₈, C₁₉, C₂₀, C₂₁, or C₂₂ carboxylic acid. In still otherembodiments, the C₁-C₂₂ carboxylic acid comprises formic acid, aceticacid, octanoic acid and/or sulfonated oleic acid.

The C₁-C₂₂ carboxylic acid can be used at any suitable concentration. Insome embodiments, the C₁-C₂₂ carboxylic acid has a concentration fromabout 10 wt-% to about 90 wt-%. In other embodiments, the C₁-C₂₂carboxylic acid has a concentration from about 20 wt-% to about 80 wt-%.In still other embodiments, the C₁-C₂₂ carboxylic acid has aconcentration at about 10 wt-% to about 90 wt-%, at about 20 wt-% toabout 90 wt-%, at about 30 wt-% to about 90 wt-%, at about 40 wt-% toabout 90 wt-%, at about 50 wt-% to about 90 wt-%, at about 60 wt-% toabout 90 wt-%, at about 70 wt-% to about 90 wt-%, at about 80 wt-% toabout 90 wt-%, or at about 90 wt-%.

Percarboxylic Acid

The peroxycarboxylic acid compositions employed according to theinvention include a percarboxylic acid. A peracid includes any compoundof the formula R—(COOOH)n in which R can be hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl,alkyne, acylic, alicyclic group, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclicgroup, and n is 1, 2, or 3, and named by prefixing the parent acid withperoxy. Preferably R includes hydrogen, alkyl, or alkenyl. The terms“alkyl,” “alkenyl,” “alkyne,” “acylic,” “alicyclic group,” “aryl,”“heteroaryl,” and “heterocyclic group” are as defined herein.

As used herein, the term “alkyl” or “alkyl groups” refers to saturatedhydrocarbons having one or more carbon atoms, including straight-chainalkyl groups (e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl,octyl, nonyl, decyl, etc.), cyclic alkyl groups (or “cycloalkyl” or“alicyclic” or “carbocyclic” groups) (e.g., cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl,cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, etc.), branched-chain alkyl groups(e.g., isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, etc.), andalkyl-substituted alkyl groups (e.g., alkyl-substituted cycloalkylgroups and cycloalkyl-substituted alkyl groups). Unless otherwisespecified, the term “alkyl” includes both “unsubstituted alkyls” and“substituted alkyls.” As used herein, the term “substituted alkyls”refers to alkyl groups having substituents replacing one or morehydrogens on one or more carbons of the hydrocarbon backbone. Suchsubstituents may include, for example, alkenyl, alkynyl, halogeno,hydroxyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxy,aryloxycarbonyloxy, carboxylate, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl,alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl,alkylthiocarbonyl, alkoxyl, phosphate, phosphonato, phosphinato, cyano,amino (including alkyl amino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, andalkylarylamino), acylamino (including alkylcarbonylamino,arylcarbonylamino, carbamoyl and ureido), imino, sulfhydryl, alkylthio,arylthio, thiocarboxylate, sulfates, alkylsulfinyl, sulfonates,sulfamoyl, sulfonamido, nitro, trifluoromethyl, cyano, azido,heterocyclic, alkylaryl, or aromatic (including heteroaromatic) groups.In some embodiments, substituted alkyls can include a heterocyclicgroup. As used herein, the term “heterocyclic group” includes closedring structures analogous to carbocyclic groups in which one or more ofthe carbon atoms in the ring is an element other than carbon, forexample, nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen. Heterocyclic groups may besaturated or unsaturated. Exemplary heterocyclic groups include, but arenot limited to, aziridine, ethylene oxide (epoxides, oxiranes), thiirane(episulfides), dioxirane, azetidine, oxetane, thietane, dioxetane,dithietane, dithiete, azolidine, pyrrolidine, pyrroline, oxolane,dihydrofuran, and furan.

The term “alkenyl” includes an unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon chainhaving from 2 to 12 carbon atoms, such as, for example, ethenyl,1-propenyl, 2-propenyl, 1-butenyl, 2-methyl-1-propenyl, and the like.The alkyl or alkenyl can be terminally substituted with a heteroatom,such as, for example, a nitrogen, sulfur, or oxygen atom, forming anaminoalkyl, oxyalkyl, or thioalkyl, for example, aminomethyl, thioethyl,oxypropyl, and the like. Similarly, the above alkyl or alkenyl can beinterrupted in the chain by a heteroatom forming an alkylaminoalkyl,alkylthioalkyl, or alkoxyalkyl, for example, methylaminoethyl,ethylthiopropyl, methoxymethyl, and the like.

Further, as used herein the term “alicyclic” includes any cyclichydrocarbyl containing from 3 to 8 carbon atoms. Examples of suitablealicyclic groups include cyclopropanyl, cyclobutanyl, cyclopentanyl,etc. The term “heterocyclic” includes any closed ring structuresanalogous to carbocyclic groups in which one or more of the carbon atomsin the ring is an element other than carbon (heteroatom), for example, anitrogen, sulfur, or oxygen atom. Heterocyclic groups may be saturatedor unsaturated. Examples of suitable heterocyclic groups include forexample, aziridine, ethylene oxide (epoxides, oxiranes), thiirane(episulfides), dioxirane, azetidine, oxetane, thietane, dioxetane,dithietane, dithiete, azolidine, pyrrolidine, pyrroline, oxolane,dihydrofuran, and furan. Additional examples of suitable heterocyclicgroups include groups derived from tetrahydrofurans, furans, thiophenes,pyrrolidines, piperidines, pyridines, pyrrols, picoline, coumaline, etc.

In some embodiments, alkyl, alkenyl, alicyclic groups, and heterocyclicgroups can be unsubstituted or substituted by, for example, aryl,heteroaryl, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ alkenyl, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, amino, carboxy, halo,nitro, cyano, —SO₃H, phosphono, or hydroxy. When alkyl, alkenyl,alicyclic group, or heterocyclic group is substituted, preferably thesubstitution is C₁₋₄ alkyl, halo, nitro, amido, hydroxy, carboxy,sulpho, or phosphono. In one embodiment, R includes alkyl substitutedwith hydroxy. The term “aryl” includes aromatic hydrocarbyl, includingfused aromatic rings, such as, for example, phenyl and naphthyl. Theterm “heteroaryl” includes heterocyclic aromatic derivatives having atleast one heteroatom such as, for example, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus,or sulfur, and includes, for example, furyl, pyrrolyl, thienyl,oxazolyl, pyridyl, imidazolyl, thiazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyrazolyl,isothiazolyl, etc. The term “heteroaryl” also includes fused rings inwhich at least one ring is aromatic, such as, for example, indolyl,purinyl, benzofuryl, etc.

In some embodiments, aryl and heteroaryl groups can be unsubstituted orsubstituted on the ring by, for example, aryl, heteroaryl, alkyl,alkenyl, alkoxy, amino, carboxy, halo, nitro, cyano, —SO₃H, phosphono,or hydroxy. When aryl, aralkyl, or heteroaryl is substituted, preferablythe substitution is C₁₋₄ alkyl, halo, nitro, amido, hydroxy, carboxy,sulpho, or phosphono. In one embodiment, R includes aryl substitutedwith C₁₋₄ alkyl.

The peroxycarboxylic acid compositions suitable for use according to theinvention can include any C₂-C₂₂ peroxycarboxylic acid, includingmixtures of peroxycarboxylic acids, including for example, peroxyformicacid, peroxyacetic acid, peroxyoctanoic acid and/or peroxysulfonatedoleic acid. As used herein, the term “peracid” may also be referred toas a “percarboxylic acid,” “peroxycarboxylic acid” or “peroxyacid.”Sulfoperoxycarboxylic acids, sulfonated peracids and sulfonatedperoxycarboxylic acids are also included within the terms“peroxycarboxylic acid” and “peracid” as used herein. The terms“sulfoperoxycarboxylic acid,” “sulfonated peracid,” or “sulfonatedperoxycarboxylic acid” refers to the peroxycarboxylic acid form of asulfonated carboxylic acid as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,344,026 and8,809,392, and U.S. Patent Publication No. 2012/0052134, each of whichare incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. As one of skillin the art appreciates, a peracid refers to an acid having the hydrogenof the hydroxyl group in carboxylic acid replaced by a hydroxy group.Oxidizing peracids may also be referred to herein as peroxycarboxylicacids.

In some embodiments, a peroxycarboxylic acid includes at least onewater-soluble peroxycarboxylic acid in which R includes alkyl of 1-22carbon atoms. For example, in one embodiment, a peroxycarboxylic acidincludes peroxyformic acid and/or peroxyacetic acid. In anotherembodiment, a peroxycarboxylic acid has R that is an alkyl of 1-22carbon atoms substituted with hydroxy.

In some embodiments, a peroxycarboxylic acid is a sulfoperoxycarboxylicacid and has the following formula:

wherein R₁ is hydrogen, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group;R₂ is a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group; X is hydrogen, acationic group, or an ester forming moiety; or salts or esters thereof.

In some embodiments, a sulfoperoxycarboxylic acid is combined with asingle or mixed peroxycarboxylic acid composition, such as asulfoperoxycarboxylic acid with peroxyacetic acid and peroxyoctanoicacid.

In some embodiments, a mixed peracid is employed, such as aperoxycarboxylic acid including at least one peroxycarboxylic acid oflimited water solubility in which R includes alkyl of 5-22 carbon atomsand at least one water-soluble peroxycarboxylic acid in which R includesalkyl of 1-4 carbon atoms. For example, in one embodiment, aperoxycarboxylic acid includes peroxyacetic acid and at least one otherperoxycarboxylic acid such as those named above. Preferably acomposition of the invention includes peroxyformic acid, peroxyaceticacid and/or peroxyoctanoic acid. Other combinations of mixed peracidsare well suited for use in the current invention.

In some embodiments, a mixture of peroxyformic acid, and peracetic acidor peroctanoic acid is used to treat a water source, such as disclosedin U.S. Pat. No. 5,314,687 which is herein incorporated by reference inits entirety. In an aspect, the peracid mixture is a hydrophilicperoxyformic acid or peracetic acid and a hydrophobic peroctanoic acid.In some aspects, a synergistic combination of a mixed peracid systemallows the use of lower dosages of the peracids according to methods ofthe invention.

In some embodiments, a tertiary peracid mixture composition, such asperoxysulfonated oleic acid, peroxyformic acid and peroctanoic acid areused to treat a water source, such as disclosed in U.S. PatentPublication No. 2010/00021557 which is incorporated herein by referencein its entirety. In some aspects, a synergistic combination of a mixedperacid system allows the use of lower dosages of the peracids accordingto methods of the invention.

Various commercial formulations of peracids are available, including forexample, peracetic acid (15%) available as EnviroSan (Ecolab Inc., St.Paul Minn.). Most commercial peracid solutions state a specificpercarboxylic acid concentration without reference to the other chemicalcomponents in a use solution. However, it should be understood thatcommercial products, such as peracetic acid, will also contain thecorresponding carboxylic acid (e.g. acetic acid), hydrogen peroxide andwater.

Any suitable C₂-C₂₂ percarboxylic acid can be used in the presentcompositions. In some embodiments, the C₂-C₂₂ percarboxylic acid is aC₂-C₂₀ percarboxylic acid. In other embodiments, the C₂-C₂₂percarboxylic is a C₁, C₂, C₃, C₄, C₅, C₆, C₇, C₈, C₉, C₁₀, C₁₁, C₁₂,C₁₃, C₁₄, C₁₅, C₁₆, C₁₇, C₁₈, C₁₉, C₂₀, C₂₁, or C₂₂ percarboxylic acid.In still other embodiments, the C₁-C₂₂ percarboxylic acid comprisesperoxyformic acid, peroxyacetic acid, peroxyoctanoic acid and/orperoxysulfonated oleic acid.

The C₁-C₂₂ percarboxylic acid can be used at any suitable concentration.In some embodiments, the C₁-C₂₂ percarboxylic acid has a concentrationfrom about 1 wt-% to about 40 wt-%. In other embodiments, the C₁-C₂₂percarboxylic acid has a concentration from about 1 wt-% to about 20wt-%. In still other embodiments, the C₁-C₂₂ percarboxylic acid has aconcentration at about 1 wt-% to about 20 wt-%, about 2 wt-% to about 20wt-%, about 5 wt-% to about 20 wt-%, about 10 wt-% to about 20 wt-%,about 15 wt-% to about 20 wt-%, about 15 wt-% to about 40 wt-%, about 20wt-% to about 40 wt-%, about 25 wt-% to about 40 wt-%, about 30 wt-% toabout 40 wt-%, or about 35 wt-% to about 40 wt-%. In still otherembodiments, the C₂-C₂₂ percarboxylic acid has a concentration at about1 wt-%, 2 wt-%, 3 wt-%, 4 wt-%, 5 wt-%, 6 wt-%, 7 wt-%, 8 wt-%, 9 wt-%,10 wt-%, 11 wt-%, 12 wt-%, 13 wt-%, 14 wt-%, 15 wt-%, 16 wt-%, 17 wt-%,18 wt-%, 19 wt-%, 20 wt-%, 25 wt-%, 30 wt-%, 35 wt-%, or 40 wt-%. In yetother embodiments, the C₂-C₂₂ percarboxylic acid has a concentrationfrom about 0.1 ppm to about 10,000 ppm or greater, up to about 50,000ppm, e.g., about 0.1 to about 1 ppm, about 1 to about 10 ppm, about 10to about 20 ppm, about 20 to about 30 ppm, about 30 to about 40 ppm,about 40 to about 50 ppm, about 50 to about 60 ppm, about 60 to about 70ppm, about 70 to about 80 ppm, about 80 to about 90 ppm, about 90 toabout 100 ppm, about 100 to about 150 ppm, about 150 to about 200 ppm,about 200 to about 250 ppm, about 250 to about 300 ppm, about 300 toabout 350 ppm, about 350 to about 400 ppm, about 400 to about 450 ppm,about 450 to about 500 ppm, about 500 to about 550 ppm, about 550 toabout 600 ppm, about 600 to about 650 ppm, about 650 to about 700 ppm,about 700 to about 750 ppm, about 750 to about 800 ppm, about 800 toabout 850 ppm, about 850 to about 900 ppm, about 900 to about 950 ppm,about 950 to about 1,000 ppm, about 1,000 to about 1,500 ppm, about1,500 to about 2,000 ppm, about 2,000 to about 2,500 ppm, about 2,500 toabout 3,000 ppm, about 3,000 to about 3,500 ppm, about 3,500 to about4,000 ppm, about 4,000 to about 4,500 ppm, or about 4,500 to about 5,000ppm, about 5,000 to about 5,500 ppm, about 5,500 to about 6,000 ppm,about 6,000 to about 6,500 ppm, about 6,500 to about 7,000 ppm, about7,000 to about 7,500 ppm, about 7,500 to about 8,000, about 8,000 toabout 8,500 ppm, about 8,500 to about 9,000 ppm, about 9,000 to about9,500 ppm, or about 9,500 to about 10,000 ppm.

Hydrogen Peroxide

The peroxycarboxylic acid compositions employed according to theinvention include hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide, H₂O₂, providesthe advantages of having a high ratio of active oxygen because of itslow molecular weight (34.014 g/mole) and being compatible with numeroussubstances that can be treated by methods of the invention because it isa weakly acidic, clear, and colorless liquid. Another advantage ofhydrogen peroxide is that it decomposes into water and oxygen. It isadvantageous to have these decomposition products because they aregenerally compatible with substances being treated. For example, thedecomposition products are generally compatible with metallic substance(e.g., substantially noncorrosive) and are generally innocuous toincidental contact and are environmentally friendly.

In one aspect of the invention, hydrogen peroxide is initially in aperacid composition in an amount effective for maintaining anequilibrium between a carboxylic acid, hydrogen peroxide, a solvent suchas water, and a peracid. The amount of hydrogen peroxide should notexceed an amount that would adversely affect the antimicrobial or other(e.g. corrosion inhibiting) activity of a composition of the invention.In further aspects of the invention, hydrogen peroxide concentration issignificantly reduced within a peracid composition, preferablycontaining hydrogen peroxide at or below concentration 1.5 times lowerthan the concentration of percarboxylic acid in solution. That is, theconcentration of hydrogen peroxide is minimized, such as through the useof a selected catalase or peroxidase enzymes as disclosed in U.S. PatentPublication No. 2014/0097144, which is herein incorporated by referencein its entirety. In further aspects, the concentration of hydrogenperoxide is reduced and/or eliminated as a result of distilledequilibrium peracid compositions, other catalysts for hydrogen peroxidedecomposition (e.g. biomimetic complexes) and/or the use of anionicperhydrolysis of esters (e.g. triacetin) to obtain peracids with verylow hydrogen peroxide.

The hydrogen peroxide can be used at any suitable concentration. In someembodiments, the hydrogen peroxide has a concentration from about 0.5wt-% to about 25 wt-%, or about 0.5 wt-% to about 15 wt-%, or about 0.5wt-% to about 10 wt-%. In other embodiments, the hydrogen peroxide has aconcentration from about 1 wt-% to about 2 wt-%. In still otherembodiments, the hydrogen peroxide has a concentration at about 0.5wt-%, about 1 wt-%, about 2 wt-%, about 3 wt-%, about 4 wt-%, about 5wt-%, about 6 wt-%, about 7 wt-%, about 8 wt-%, about 9 wt-%, or about10 wt-%. In yet other embodiments, the hydrogen peroxide has aconcentration at about 1 wt-%, about 1.1 wt-%, about 1.2 wt-%, about 1.3wt-%, about 1.4 wt-%, about 1.5 wt-%, about 1.6 wt-%, about 1.7 wt-%,about 1.8 wt-%, about 1.9 wt-%, about 2 wt-%, about 2.1 wt-%, about 2.2wt-%, about 2.3 wt-%, about 2.4 wt-%, about 2.5 wt-%, about 2.6 wt-%,about 2.7 wt-%, about 2.8 wt-%, about 2.9 wt-%, about 3 wt-%, about 3.1wt-%, about 3.2 wt-%, about 3.3 wt-%, 3.4 wt-%, about 3.5 wt-%, about3.6 wt-%, about 3.7 wt-%, about 3.8 wt-%, about 3.9 wt-%, or about 4wt-%.

Peroxycarboxylic Acid Forming Compositions

The compositions and methods employing the compositions according to theinvention are suitable for inhibiting corrosion from a target, oftenwithin a water source, caused by general and biocide-induced corrosion.In an aspect, the compositions comprise, consist of and/or consistessentially of a peroxycarboxylic acid forming composition. In oneaspect, the present invention is directed to a peroxycarboxylic acidforming composition comprising: a first reagent that comprises an esterof a polyhydric alcohol and a carboxylic acid, and a second reagent thatcomprises hydrogen peroxide or that comprises a substance that generateshydrogen peroxide when in contact with a liquid. In a further aspect,the first reagent and second reagent are kept separately prior to useand combined when it is time to generate the peroxycarboxylic acid.

In a still further aspect, the first reagent and second reagent areconfigured to be contacted with each other to form a liquid thatcomprises a peroxycarboxylic acid and has a pH ranging from about 0 toabout 11, and pH of the formed liquid becomes about 8 or lower withinabout 1 minute after the contact between said first reagent and saidsecond reagent. In an alternative aspect, the second reagent comprises asubstance that generates hydrogen peroxide when in contact with aliquid, the first reagent and second reagent are comprised in a solidcomposition, and when it is time to generate the peroxycarboxylic acid,the solid composition is configured to be contacted with a liquid toform a liquid that comprises the peroxycarboxylic acid and has a pHranging from about 0 to about 11, and pH of the formed liquid becomesabout 8 or lower within about 1 minute after the contact between saidsolid composition and said liquid.

Esters of polyhydric alcohols and a C₂-C₂₂ carboxylic acid are includedin the first reagent. A polyhydric alcohol refers to an molecule withtwo or more hydroxyl (—OH) groups. An ester of a polyhydric alcohol anda carboxylic acid refers to an ester formed between a polyhydric alcoholand the carboxylic acid. A variety of carboxylic acids can be included.Carboxylic acids generally have the formula R(COOH)n, where, forexample, R is an alkyl, aryl alkyl, cycloalkyl, aromatic, orheterocyclic group, and n is one, two, or three.

In an embodiment the polyhydric alcohol may include a sugar alcohol. Inan embodiment where the peroxycarboxylic acid is peroxyformic, the firstreagent may comprise glycerol formates, pentaerythritol formates,mannitol formates, propylene glycol formates, sorbitol formates andsugar formates. In such an exemplary embodiment, any suitable sugarformats may be employed, e.g., sucrose formates, dextrin formates,maltodextrin formates, or starch formates.

The compositions can also include more than one or a mixture of estersof a polyhydric alcohol and a carboxylic acid. For example, in someembodiments, the compositions include two, three or four esters. Whenmore than one ester is present, the esters can be different. Forexample, in some embodiments, the compositions can include a first esterof a polyhydric alcohol and a C1 to C4 carboxylic acid, and a secondester of a polyhydric alcohol and a C5 to C11 carboxylic acid. Forfurther example, in some embodiments, the compositions can include afirst ester of a polyhydric alcohol and a C1 to C18 carboxylic acid in amono, di or tri-formation, and a second ester of a polyhydric alcoholand a C1 to C18 carboxylic acid in a mono, di or tri-formation. Oneskilled in the art will appreciate the various combinations of estersthat can be used for the compositions according to the invention.

The use of various forms of an ester (e.g. mono, di and/ortri-formations) to comprise a mixture of esters will impact the peracidyield of a particular composition according to the invention. Forexample, the various forms of the ester will have different kinetics ingenerating the peracids according to the methods of the invention. Forexample, in one aspect, a monooctanoate glycerol ester is faster ingenerating peracid than the di- or trioctanoate glycerol esters. Inaddition, the selection of the various forms of an ester will be furtherimpacted by the water solubility of the compositions and whether anyadditional ingredients are combined to affect solubility (e.g. solvents)that would favor the use of less soluble ester forms (e.g.tri-formations). Accordingly, one skilled in the art of reactionkinetics will ascertain the benefits of using various combinations ormixtures of esters according to the compositions and methods of theinvention.

Examples of suitable carboxylic acids include, but are not limited to,formic, acetic, propionic, butanoic, pentanoic, hexanoic, heptanoic,octanoic, nonanoic, decanoic, undecanoic, dodecanoic, as well as theirbranched isomers, lactic, maleic, ascorbic, citric, hydroxyacetic,neopentanoic, neoheptanoic, neodecanoic, oxalic, malonic, succinic,glutaric, adipic, pimelic subric acid, and mixtures thereof.

The peroxycarboxylic acid forming compositions can comprise any suitablelevel of an ester of a polyhydric alcohol and carboxylic acid (includingeither liquid or solid reagents). For example, the first reagent of theperoxycarboxylic acid forming composition can comprise any suitablelevel of an ester of a polyhydric alcohol and carboxylic acid. In someembodiments, the first reagent can comprise from about 10 ppm to about500,000 ppm of an ester of a polyhydric alcohol and carboxylic acid. Forexample, the first reagent can comprise from about 10 to about 20 ppm,about 20 to about 30 ppm, about 30 to about 40 ppm, about 40 to about 50ppm, about 50 to about 60 ppm, about 60 to about 70 ppm, about 70 toabout 80 ppm, about 80 to about 90 ppm, about 90 to about 100 ppm, about100 to about 150 ppm, about 150 to about 200 ppm, about 200 to about 250ppm, about 250 to about 300 ppm, about 300 to about 350 ppm, about 350to about 400 ppm, about 400 to about 450 ppm, about 450 to about 500ppm, about 500 to about 550 ppm, about 550 to about 600 ppm, about 600to about 650 ppm, about 650 to about 700 ppm, about 700 to about 750ppm, about 750 to about 800 ppm, about 800 to about 850 ppm, about 850to about 900 ppm, about 900 to about 950 ppm, about 950 to about 1,000ppm, about 1,000 to about 1,500 ppm, about 1,500 to about 2,000 ppm,about 2,000 to about 2,500 ppm, about 2,500 to about 3,000 ppm, about3,000 to about 3,500 ppm, about 3,500 to about 4,000 ppm, about 4,000 toabout 4,500 ppm, or about 4,500 to about 5,000 ppm, about 5,000 to about5,500 ppm, about 5,500 to about 6,000 ppm, about 6,000 to about 6,500ppm, about 6,500 to about 7,000 ppm, about 7,000 to about 7,500 ppm,about 7,500 to about 8,000, about 8,000 to about 8,500 ppm, about 8,500to about 9,000 ppm, about 9,000 to about 9,500 ppm, about 9,500 to about10,000 ppm, about 10,000 to about 20,000 ppm, about 20,000 to about30,000 ppm, about 30,000 to about 40,000 ppm, about 40,000 to about50,000 ppm, about 50,000 to about 60,000 ppm, about 60,000 to about70,000 ppm, about 70,000 to about 80,000 ppm, about 80,000 to about90,000 ppm, about 90,000 to about 100,000 ppm, about 100,000 to about150,000 ppm, about 150,000 to about 200,000 ppm, about 200,000 to about250,000 ppm, about 250,000 to about 300,000 ppm, about 300,000 to about350,000 ppm, about 350,000 to about 400,000 ppm, about 400,000 to about450,000 ppm, or about 450,000 to about 500,000 ppm. In otherembodiments, the first reagent can comprise from about 50 ppm to about40,000 ppm of an ester of a polyhydric alcohol and carboxylic acid,e.g., about 50 to about 100, about 50 to about 500, about 50 to about1,000, about 50 to about 1,500, about 50 to about 2,000, about 50 toabout 2,500, about 50 to about 3,000, about 50 to about 3,500, about 50to about 4,000, about 50 to about 4,500, about 50 to about 5,000, about50 to about 10,000, about 50 to about 20,000, about 50 to about 30,000,or about 50 to about 40,000 ppm of an ester of a polyhydric alcohol andcarboxylic acid.

Hydrogen peroxide is employed in the second reagent. Theperoxycarboxylic acid forming compositions can comprise any suitablelevel of hydrogen peroxide or a substance that generates hydrogenperoxide upon contact with a liquid. For example, the second reagent ofthe peroxycarboxylic acid forming composition can comprise any suitablelevel of hydrogen peroxide. In some embodiments, the second reagent cancomprise about 1 ppm to about 300,000 ppm of hydrogen peroxide. Forexample, the second reagent can comprise from about 1 to about 10 ppm,10 to about 20 ppm, 20 to about 30 ppm, 30 to about 40 ppm, 40 to about50 ppm, 50 to about 60 ppm, 60 to about 70 ppm, 70 to about 80 ppm, 80to about 90 ppm, 90 to about 100 ppm, 100 to about 150 ppm, 150 to about200 ppm, 200 to about 250 ppm, 250 to about 300 ppm, 300 to about 350ppm, 350 to about 400 ppm, 400 to about 450 ppm, 450 to about 500 ppm,500 to about 550 ppm, 550 to about 600 ppm, 600 to about 650 ppm, 650 toabout 700 ppm, 700 to about 750 ppm, 750 to about 800 ppm, 800 to about850 ppm, 850 to about 900 ppm, 900 to about 950 ppm, 950 to about 1,000ppm, 1,000 to about 1,500 ppm, 1,500 to about 2,000 ppm, 2,000 to about2,500 ppm, 2,500 to about 3,000 ppm, 3,000 to about 3,500 ppm, 3,500 toabout 4,000 ppm, 4,000 to about 4,500 ppm, 4,500 to about 5,000 ppm,5,000 to about 5,500 ppm, 5,500 to about 6,000 ppm, 6,000 to about 6,500ppm, 6,500 to about 7,000 ppm, 7,000 to about 7,500 ppm, 7,500 to about8,000 ppm, 8,000 to about 8,500 ppm, 8,500 to about 9,000 ppm, 9,000 toabout 10,000 ppm, 10,000 to about 20,000 ppm, 20,000 to about 30,000ppm, 30,000 to about 40,000 ppm, 40,000 to about 50,000 ppm, 50,000 toabout 60,000 ppm, 60,000 to about 70,000 ppm, 70,000 to about 80,000ppm, 80,000 to about 90,000 ppm, or 90,000 to about 100,000 ppm, 100,000to about 150,000 ppm, 150,000 to about 200,000 ppm, 200,000 to about250,000 ppm, or 250,000 to about 300,000 ppm hydrogen peroxide. In otherembodiments, the second reagent comprises from about 150 ppm to about50,000 ppm of hydrogen peroxide, e.g., about 150 to about 200, 150 toabout 300, 150 to about 400, 150 to about 500, 150 to about 600, 150 toabout 700, 150 to about 800, 150 to about 900, 150 to about 1,000, 150to about 1,500, 150 to about 2,000, 150 to about 2,500, 150 to about3,000, 150 to about 3,500, 150 to about 4,000, 150 to about 4,500, 150to about 5,000, 150 to about 10,000, 50 to about 20,000, 50 to about30,000, 50 to about 40,000 or 50 to about 50,000 ppm of hydrogenperoxide.

In a further aspect, a substance that generates hydrogen peroxide whenin contact with a liquid may be used for the second reagent instead ofhydrogen peroxide. In an aspect employing a substance to generatehydrogen peroxide, the solid composition can comprise a substance at anamount that generates from about 1 ppm to about 100,000 ppm of hydrogenperoxide upon contact with a liquid. For example, the solid compositioncan comprise a substance at an amount that generates from about 1 toabout 10 ppm, 10 to about 20 ppm, 20 to about 30 ppm, 30 to about 40ppm, 40 to about 50 ppm, 50 to about 60 ppm, 60 to about 70 ppm, 70 toabout 80 ppm, 80 to about 90 ppm, 90 to about 100 ppm, 100 to about 150ppm, 150 to about 200 ppm, 200 to about 250 ppm, 250 to about 300 ppm,300 to about 350 ppm, 350 to about 400 ppm, 400 to about 450 ppm, 450 toabout 500 ppm, 500 to about 550 ppm, 550 to about 600 ppm, 600 to about650 ppm, 650 to about 700 ppm, 700 to about 750 ppm, 750 to about 800ppm, 800 to about 850 ppm, 850 to about 900 ppm, 900 to about 950 ppm,950 to about 1,000 ppm, 1,000 to about 1,500 ppm, 1,500 to about 2,000ppm, 2,000 to about 2,500 ppm, 2,500 to about 3,000 ppm, 3,000 to about3,500 ppm, 3,500 to about 4,000 ppm, 4,000 to about 4,500 ppm, 4,500 toabout 5,000 ppm, 5,000 to about 5,500 ppm, 5,500 to about 6,000 ppm,6,000 to about 6,500 ppm, 6,500 to about 7,000 ppm, 7,000 to about 7,500ppm, 7,500 to about 8,000 ppm, 8,000 to about 8,500 ppm, 8,500 to about9,000 ppm, 9,000 to about 10,000 ppm, 10,000 to about 20,000 ppm, 20,000to about 30,000 ppm, 30,000 to about 40,000 ppm, 40,000 to about 50,000ppm, 50,000 to about 60,000 ppm, 60,000 to about 70,000 ppm, 70,000 toabout 80,000 ppm, 80,000 to about 90,000 ppm, or 90,000 to about 100,000ppm hydrogen peroxide.

The first or second reagent and the generated liquid peroxycarboxylicacid composition can have any suitable pH range. For example, the firstor second reagent and the generated liquid peroxycarboxylic acidcomposition can have a pH ranging from about 0 to about 11, e.g., about0 to about 1, 0 to about 2, 0 to about 3, 0 to about 4, 0 to about 5, 0to about 6, 0 to about 7, 0 to about 8, 0 to about 9, 0 to about 10, 0to about 11, 1 to about 2, 1 to about 3, 1 to about 4, 1 to about 5, 1to about 6, 1 to about 7, 1 to about 8, 1 to about 9, 1 to about 10, 1to about 11, 2 to about 3, 2 to about 4, 2 to about 5, 2 to about 6, 2to about 7, 2 to about 8, 2 to about 9, 2 to about 10, 2 to about 11, 3to about 4, 3 to about 5, 3 to about 6, 3 to about 7, 3 to about 8, 3 toabout 9, 3 to about 10, 3 to about 11, 4 to about 5, 4 to about 6, 4 toabout 7, 4 to about 8, 4 to about 9, 4 to about 10, 4 to about 11, 5 toabout 6, 5 to about 7, 5 to about 8, 5 to about 9, 5 to about 10, 5 toabout 11, 6 to about 7, 6 to about 8, 6 to about 9, 6 to about 10, 6 toabout 11, 6 to about 7, 7 to about 8, 7 to about 9, 7 to about 10, 7 toabout 11, 8 to about 9, 8 to about 10, 8 to about 11, 9 to about 10, 9to about 11, 10 to about 11, or at about 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,10 or 11. In some embodiments, the first or second reagent and thegenerated liquid peroxycarboxylic acid composition has a pH ranging fromabout 5 to about 10, e.g., about 5 to about 6, 5 to about 7, 5 to about8, 5 to about 9, 5 to about 10, 6 to about 7, 6 to about 8, 6 to about9, 6 to about 10, 7 to about 8, 7 to about 9, 7 to about 10, 8 to about9, 8 to about 10, or 9 to about 10. In other embodiments, the first orsecond reagent has a pH at about 9. In other embodiments, the firstreagent and the second reagent are configured to be contacted with eachother to form a liquid peroxycarboxylic acid and has a pH at about 9.

The first reagent and the second reagent can be configured to becontacted with each other to form a liquid peroxycarboxylic acid underany suitable conditions or temperature. In some embodiments, the firstreagent and the second reagent are configured to be contacted with eachother under ambient conditions. In other embodiments, the first reagentand the second reagent are configured to be contacted with each at atemperature ranging from about 4° C. to about 60° C., e.g., about 4° C.to about 5° C., 5° C. to about 10° C., 10° C. to about 15° C., 15° C. toabout 20° C., 20° C. to about 25° C., 25° C. to about 30° C., 30° C. toabout 35° C., 35° C. to about 40° C., 40° C. to about 45° C., 45° C. toabout 50° C., 50° C. to about 55° C., or 55° C. to about 60° C. In stillother embodiments, the first reagent and the second reagent areconfigured to be contacted with each other to form a liquidperoxycarboxylic acid at a temperature at about 4° C. or lower than 4°C., e.g., at about 3° C., 2° C., 1° C., 0° C., or lower than 0° C.

The peroxycarboxylic acid forming compositions can be configured to forma liquid, e.g., a solution, that comprises any suitable level of theperoxycarboxylic acid. For example, the first reagent and the secondreagent in the peroxycarboxylic acid forming compositions can beconfigured to be contacted with each other to form a liquid and/orsolid, e.g., a solution, that comprises any suitable level of theperoxycarboxylic acid. In some embodiments, the first reagent and thesecond reagent can be configured to be contacted with each other to forma liquid, e.g., a solution, that comprises from about 0.1 ppm to about5,000 ppm of peroxycarboxylic acid, e.g., about 0.1 to about 1 ppm, 1 toabout 10 ppm, 10 to about 20 ppm, 20 to about 30 ppm, 30 to about 40ppm, 40 to about 50 ppm, 50 to about 60 ppm, 60 to about 70 ppm, 70 toabout 80 ppm, 80 to about 90 ppm, 90 to about 100 ppm, 100 to about 150ppm, 150 to about 200 ppm, 200 to about 250 ppm, 250 to about 300 ppm,300 to about 350 ppm, 350 to about 400 ppm, 400 to about 450 ppm, 450 toabout 500 ppm, 500 to about 550 ppm, 550 to about 600 ppm, 600 to about650 ppm, 650 to about 700 ppm, 700 to about 750 ppm, 750 to about 800ppm, 800 to about 850 ppm, 850 to about 900 ppm, 900 to about 950 ppm,950 to about 1,000 ppm, 1,000 to about 1,500 ppm, 1,500 to about 2,000ppm, 2,000 to about 2,500 ppm, 2,500 to about 3,000 ppm, 3,000 to about3,500 ppm, 3,500 to about 4,000 ppm, 4,000 to about 4,500 ppm, or 4,500to about 5,000 ppm of peroxycarboxylic acid. In other embodiments, thefirst reagent and the second reagent can be configured to be contactedwith each other to form a liquid, e.g., a solution, that comprises fromabout 1 ppm to about 500 ppm of peroxycarboxylic acid, e.g., about 0.1to about 1 ppm, 0.1 to about 10 ppm, 0.1 to about 20 ppm, 0.1 to about30 ppm, 0.1 to about 40 ppm, 0.1 to about 50 ppm, 0.1 to about 60 ppm,0.1 to about 70 ppm, 0.1 to about 80 ppm, 0.1 to about 90 ppm, 0.1 toabout 100 ppm, 0.1 to about 150 ppm, 0.1 to about 200 ppm, 0.1 to about250 ppm, 0.1 to about 300 ppm, 0.1 to about 350 ppm, 0.1 to about 400ppm, 0.1 to about 450 ppm, 0.1 to about 500 ppm of peroxycarboxylicacid. In still other embodiments, the first reagent and the secondreagent can be configured to be contacted with each other to form aliquid, e.g., a solution, that comprises from about 50 ppm to about 100ppm of peroxycarboxylic acid, e.g., about 50 to about 60 ppm, 60 toabout 70 ppm, 70 to about 80 ppm, 80 to about 90 ppm or 90 to about 100ppm of peroxycarboxylic acid.

In another example, the solid composition can be configured to becontacted with a liquid to form a solution that comprises from about 0.1ppm to about 5,000 ppm of peroxycarboxylic acid. In some embodiments,the solid composition can be configured to be contacted with a liquid toform a liquid, e.g., a solution, that comprises from about 0.1 ppm toabout 5,000 ppm of peroxycarboxylic acid, e.g., about 0.1 to about 1ppm, 1 to about 10 ppm, 10 to about 20 ppm, 20 to about 30 ppm, 30 toabout 40 ppm, 40 to about 50 ppm, 50 to about 60 ppm, 60 to about 70ppm, 70 to about 80 ppm, 80 to about 90 ppm, 90 to about 100 ppm, 100 toabout 150 ppm, 150 to about 200 ppm, 200 to about 250 ppm, 250 to about300 ppm, 300 to about 350 ppm, 350 to about 400 ppm, 400 to about 450ppm, 450 to about 500 ppm, 500 to about 550 ppm, 550 to about 600 ppm,600 to about 650 ppm, 650 to about 700 ppm, 700 to about 750 ppm, 750 toabout 800 ppm, 800 to about 850 ppm, 850 to about 900 ppm, 900 to about950 ppm, 950 to about 1,000 ppm, 1,000 to about 1,500 ppm, 1,500 toabout 2,000 ppm, 2,000 to about 2,500 ppm, 2,500 to about 3,000 ppm,3,000 to about 3,500 ppm, 3,500 to about 4,000 ppm, 4,000 to about 4,500ppm, or 4,500 to about 5,000 ppm of peroxycarboxylic acid.

The peroxycarboxylic acid forming compositions (liquids or solids) canbe configured to form the resultant compositions comprising any suitablelevel of peroxycarboxylic acid within any suitable time. In someembodiments, the first reagent and the second reagent can be configuredto be contacted with each other to form the peroxycarboxylic acidcomposition that comprises at least about 1 ppm peroxycarboxylic acidwithin 1 minute of the contact time, e.g., at least about 1 ppm, 2 ppm,3 ppm, 4 ppm, 5 ppm, 6 ppm, 7 ppm, 8 ppm, 9 ppm, 10 ppm, 15 ppm, 20 ppm,25 ppm, 30 ppm, 35 ppm, 40 ppm, 45 ppm, 50 ppm, 55 ppm, 60 ppm, 65 ppm,70 ppm, 75 ppm, 80 ppm, 85 ppm, 90 ppm, 95 ppm, 100 ppm, 200 ppm, 300ppm, 400 ppm, 500 ppm, 600 ppm, 700 ppm, 800 ppm, 900 ppm, 1,000 ppm,2,000 ppm, 3,000 ppm, 4,000 ppm, or 5,000 ppm of peroxycarboxylic acidwithin 1 minute, within 5 minutes, within 10 minutes, or greater of thecontact time.

The peroxycarboxylic acid forming compositions can include any C1-C22peroxycarboxylic acid, including mixtures of peroxycarboxylic acids,including for example, peroxyformic acid, peroxyacetic acid,peroxyoctanoic acid and/or peroxysulfonated oleic acid.

Oxidizing biocide compositions including peroxycarboxylic acidcomposition can include various formulations, such as set forth in theTable 1A below.

TABLE 1A First Second Third Exemplary Exemplary Exemplary EmbodimentEmbodiment Embodiment (wt-%) (wt-%) (wt-%) C₁-C₂₂ 1-60  1-40  1-20Percarboxylic acid C₁-C₂₂ 10-90   20-80  30-70 Carboxylic acid HydrogenPeroxide 0.5-25  0.5-10 0.5-2  Additional 0-25 0.01-10  0.5-10Functional Ingredients

Oxidizing biocide compositions including peroxycarboxylic acid formingcomposition can include various formulations, such as set forth in theTable 1B below.

TABLE 1B First Second Third Exemplary Exemplary Exemplary EmbodimentEmbodiment Embodiment (wt-%) (wt-%) (wt-%) Ester of Polyhydric 50-9970-95 75-90 Alcohol and C₁-C₂₂ Carboxylic Acid Hydrogen Peroxide 0.1-50 1-50  1-10 Additional   0-25 0.01-10  0.5-10  Functional Ingredients

Additional Functional Ingredients

In an aspect of the invention, the corrosion inhibitor compositions andthe biocides (oxidizing and/or non-oxidizing) employed for corrosioninhibitors may further include a variety of additional functionalcomponents. In some embodiments, the corrosion inhibitor compositionsand the biocides (oxidizing and/or non-oxidizing) make up a largeamount, or even substantially all of the total weight of thecompositions. For example, in some embodiments few or no additionalfunctional ingredients are disposed therein. In an embodiment, noadditional functional ingredients are employed.

In other embodiments, additional functional ingredients may be includedin the compositions, including any of the corrosion inhibitorcompositions and the biocides (oxidizing and/or non-oxidizing). Thefunctional ingredients provide desired properties and functionalities tothe compositions. For the purpose of this application, the term“functional ingredient” includes a material that when dispersed ordissolved in a use and/or concentrate solution, such as an aqueoussolution, provides a beneficial property in a particular use. Someparticular examples of functional materials are discussed in more detailbelow, although the particular materials discussed are given by way ofexample only, and that a broad variety of other functional ingredientsmay be used.

In embodiments employing an additional functional ingredient, thecompositions may include for example, a catalyst (e.g. enzyme),stabilizing agents, pH buffering agents, acidulant, friction reducers,viscosity enhancers, defoaming agents, anti-redeposition agents,additional biocides, bleaching agents, solubility modifiers,dispersants, rinse aids, metal protecting agents, additional corrosioninhibitors, emulsion breakers, emulsion stabilizers, scale inhibitors,including conventional scale inhibitors and/or iron dissolvers,sequestrants and/or chelating agents, peracid stabilizers, acids,surfactants and/or antimicrobial agents, additional carboxylic acids,fragrances and/or dyes, rheology modifiers or thickeners, hydrotropes orcouplers, buffers, solvents and the like. In an aspect, an additionalfunctional ingredient may further include a synergist in the form of astrongly reducing compound in nature to enhance performance, such as forexample mercaptoethanol and/or TGA.

Friction Reducers

In an aspect, the corrosion inhibitor compositions, the peroxycarboxylicacid compositions and/or peroxycarboxylic acid forming compositions canfurther comprise friction reducers. Friction reducers are used in wateror other water-based fluids used in hydraulic fracturing treatments forsubterranean well formations in order to improve permeability of thedesired gas and/or oil being recovered from the fluid-conductive cracksor pathways created through the fracking process. The friction reducersallow the water to be pumped into the formations more quickly. Variouspolymer additives have been widely used as friction reducers to enhanceor modify the characteristics of the aqueous fluids used in welldrilling, recovery and production applications.

Examples of commonly used friction reducers include polyacrylamidepolymers and copolymers. In an aspect, additional suitable frictionreducers may include acrylamide-derived polymers and copolymers, such aspolyacrylamide (sometime abbreviated as PAM), acrylamide-acrylate(acrylic acid) copolymers, acrylic acid-methacrylamide copolymers,partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide copolymers (PHPA), partiallyhydrolyzed polymethacrylamide, acrylamide-methyl-propane sulfonatecopolymers (AMPS) and the like. Various derivatives of such polymers andcopolymers, e.g., quaternary amine salts, hydrolyzed versions, and thelike, should be understood to be included with the polymers andcopolymers described herein.

Friction reducers are combined with water and/or other aqueous fluids,which in combination are often referred to as “slick water” fluids.Slick water fluids have reduced frictional drag and beneficial flowcharacteristics which enable the pumping of the aqueous fluids intovarious gas- and/or oil-producing areas, including for example forfracturing. In an aspect of the invention, a friction reducer is presentin a use solution in an amount between about 100 ppm to 1,000 ppm. In afurther aspect, a friction reducer is present in a use solution in anamount of at least about 0.01 wt-% to about 10 wt-%, preferably at leastabout 0.01 wt-% to about 5 wt-%, preferably at least about 0.01 wt-% toabout 1 wt-%, more preferably at least about 0.01 wt-% to about 0.5wt-%, and still more preferably at least about 0.01 wt-% to about 0.1wt-%. Beneficially, the compositions and methods of the invention do notnegatively interfere with friction reducers included in an aqueoussolution.

Viscosity Enhancers

In an aspect, the corrosion inhibitor compositions and the biocides(oxidizing and/or non-oxidizing) further comprise viscosity enhancers.Viscosity enhancers are additional polymers used in water or otherwater-based fluids used in hydraulic fracturing treatments to provideviscosity enhancement. Natural and/or synthetic viscosity-increasingpolymers may be employed in compositions and methods according to theinvention. Viscosity enhancers may also be referred to as gelling agentsand examples include guar, xanthan, cellulose derivatives andpolyacrylamide and polyacrylate polymers and copolymers, and the like.

In an aspect of the invention, a viscosity enhancer is present in a usesolution in an amount between about 100 ppm to 1,000 ppm. In a furtheraspect, a viscosity enhancer is present in a use solution in an amountof at least about 0.01 wt-% to about 10 wt-%, preferably at least about0.01 wt-% to about 5 wt-%, preferably at least about 0.01 wt-% to about1 wt-%, at least about 0.01 wt-% to about 2 wt-%, preferably at leastabout 0.01 wt-% to about 1 wt-%, preferably at least about 0.01 wt-% toabout 0.5 wt-%. Beneficially, the compositions and methods of theinvention do not negatively interfere with viscosity enhancer includedin an aqueous solution.

Additional Corrosion Inhibitors

In an aspect, the corrosion inhibitor compositions and the biocides(oxidizing and/or non-oxidizing) further comprise additionalconventional corrosion inhibitors. Corrosion inhibitors are additionalmolecules used in oil and gas recovery operations.

Corrosion inhibitors that may be employed in the present disclosurefurther include the exemplary corrosion inhibitors disclosed in U.S.Pat. No. 5,965,785, U.S. Patent Publication No. 2010/0108566, GB Pat.No. 1,198,734, WO/03/006581, WO04/044266, and WO08/005058, eachincorporated herein by reference in their entireties. In an embodiment,the corrosion inhibitors include cationic surfactant comprising anammonium halide. The ammonium halide may include any suitable types ofammonium halides. In embodiments, the ammonium halides include alkylammonium halides, polyalkyl ammonium halides, or any combinationsthereof. In embodiments, the cationic surfactant includes anycombination or at least one of an alkyl trimethyl ammonium halide, analkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium halide, and one or more imidazoliniumhalides.

In an aspect of the invention, an additional corrosion inhibitor ispresent in a use solution in an amount between about 1 ppm to 1,000 ppm.In a further aspect, a corrosion inhibitor is present in a use solutionin an amount of at least about 0.0001 wt-% to about 10 wt-%, preferablyat least about 0.0001 wt-% to about 5 wt-%, preferably at least about0.0001 wt-% to about 1 wt-%, preferably at least about 0.0001 wt-% toabout 0.1 wt-%, and still more preferably at least about 0.0001 wt-% toabout 0.05 wt-%. Beneficially, the compositions and methods of theinvention do not negatively interfere with corrosion inhibitor includedin an aqueous solution.

Scale Inhibitors

In an aspect, the corrosion inhibitor compositions and the biocides(oxidizing and/or non-oxidizing) further comprise scale inhibitors.Scale inhibitors are additional molecules used in oil and gas recoveryoperations. Common scale inhibitors that may be employed in these typesof applications include polymers and co-polymers, phosphates, phosphateesters and the like.

In an aspect of the invention, a scale inhibitor is present in a usesolution in an amount between about 100 ppm to 1,000 ppm. In a furtheraspect, a scale inhibitor is present in a use solution in an amount ofat least about 0.0001 wt-% to about 10 wt-%, at least about 0.0001 wt-%to about 1 wt-%, preferably at least about 0.0001 wt-% to about 0.1wt-%, preferably at least about 0.0001 wt-% to about 0.05 wt-%.Beneficially, the compositions and methods of the invention do notnegatively interfere with scale inhibitor included in an aqueoussolution.

Additional Antimicrobial Agents

In an aspect, the corrosion inhibitor compositions and the biocides(oxidizing and/or non-oxidizing) further comprise additional microbialagents. Additional antimicrobial agents may be included in thecompositions and/or methods of the invention for enhanced antimicrobialefficacy. In addition to the use of peracid compositions, additionalantimicrobial agents and biocides may be employed. Additional biocidesmay include, for example, a quaternary ammonium compound as disclosed inU.S. Pat. No. 6,627,657, which is incorporated herein by reference inits entirety. In another embodiment, the additional biocide may includean oxidizer compatible phosphonium biocide, such as tributyl tetradecylphosphonium chloride. The phosphonium biocide provides similarantimicrobial advantages as the quaternary ammonium compound incombination with the peracids. In addition, the phosphonium biocide iscompatible with the anionic polymeric chemicals commonly used in the oilfield applications, such as the methods of the fracking disclosedaccording to the invention.

Additional antimicrobial and biocide agents may be employed in amountssufficient to provide antimicrobial efficacy, as may vary depending uponthe water source in need of treatment and the contaminants therein. Suchagents may be present in a use solution in an amount of at least about0.1 wt-% to about 50 wt-%, preferably at least about 0.1 wt-% to about20 wt-%, more preferably from about 0.1 wt-% to about 10 wt-%.

Acidulant

In an aspect, the corrosion inhibitor compositions and the biocides(oxidizing and/or non-oxidizing) further comprise an acidulant. In anaspect, the acidulant is included in the second reagent with hydrogenperoxide. Any suitable acid can be included in the compositions as anacidulant. In an embodiment the acidulant is an acid or an aqueousacidic solution. In an embodiment, the acidulant includes an inorganicacid. In some embodiments, the acidulant is a strong mineral acid.Suitable inorganic acids include, but are not limited to, sulfuric acid,sodium bisulfate, phosphoric acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid. Insome embodiments, the acidulant includes an organic acid. Suitableorganic acids include, but are not limited to, methane sulfonic acid,ethane sulfonic acid, propane sulfonic acid, butane sulfonic acid,xylene sulfonic acid, cumene sulfonic acid, benzene sulfonic acid,formic acid, acetic acid, mono, di, or tri-halocarboyxlic acids,picolinic acid, dipicolinic acid, and mixtures thereof.

In an aspect, a strong mineral acid such as nitric acid or sulfuric acidcan be used to treat water sources, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.4,587,264, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.The combined use of a strong mineral acid with the peracid compositionprovides enhanced antimicrobial efficacy as a result of the acidityassisting in removing chemical contaminants within the water source(e.g. sulfite and sulfide species). In addition, some strong mineralacids, such as nitric acid, provide a further benefit of reducing therisk of corrosion toward metals contacted by the peracid compositionsaccording to the invention. In some embodiments, the present compositiondoes not comprise a mineral acid or a strong mineral acid.

In certain embodiments, the acidulant is present in amounts from about0.001 to about 50 wt-% acidulant, about 0.001 to about 10 wt-%, about0.01 to about 1 wt-% acidulant, or about 0.05 to about 0.5 wt-%.

Catalyst

In an aspect, the corrosion inhibitor composition and the biocides(oxidizing and/or non-oxidizing) further comprise a catalyst or anenzyme, such as for catalyzing formation of the peroxycarboxylic acidfrom the ester of a polyhydric alcohol and carboxylic acid, and hydrogenperoxide. Any suitable catalyst or enzyme can be included in theperoxycarboxylic acid forming composition, e.g., a perhydrolytic enzyme,lipase, coronase, termanyl or esperease. The catalyst or an enzyme canbe comprised in any suitable part of the peroxycarboxylic acid formingcompositions. In some embodiments, the first reagent comprises thecatalyst or enzyme. In other embodiments, the second reagent comprisesthe catalyst or enzyme. In still other embodiments, the peroxycarboxylicacid forming compositions can further comprise a third reagent thatcomprises the catalyst or enzyme. In yet other embodiments, the solidcomposition comprises the catalyst or enzyme. In certain embodiments,the catalyst is present in amounts from about 0.0001 to about 50 wt-%,about 0.001 to about 25 wt-%, about 0.01 to about 10 wt-%, or about 0.01to about 1 wt-%.

Buffering Agents

In an aspect, the corrosion inhibitor compositions and the biocides(oxidizing and/or non-oxidizing) further comprise a buffering agent. Thepresent compositions can comprise any suitable pH buffering agent. ThepH buffer reagent can include any reagent that is compatible with theester(s) in the peroxycarboxylic acid forming compositions. Exemplarybuffer agents suitable for using with a liquid ester can be an organicamine, such as triethanol amine, imidazole, etc. Exemplary buffer agentssuitable for using with a solid form of ester include a broader range ofbuffers, such as a carbonate salt, a phosphate salt, etc. The pH bufferreagent can be comprised in any suitable part of the presentperoxyformic acid forming compositions. In some embodiments, the firstreagent comprises a pH buffering agent. In other embodiments, theperoxycarboxylic acid forming compositions can further comprise a thirdreagent that comprises a pH buffering agent. In still other embodiments,the solid composition comprises a pH buffering agent. In certainembodiments, the buffering agent is present in amounts from about 0.001to about 25 wt-%, about 0.001 to about 15 wt-%, about 0.001 to about 10wt-%, or about 0.01 to about 1 wt-%.

Alkalinity Source

In an aspect, the corrosion inhibitor compositions and biocidecomposition (oxidizing and/or non-oxidizing) further comprise analkalinity source. The relationship between corrosion control andoperating pH is straight forward: acidic pH conditions are morecorrosive than alkaline conditions. The source of alkalinity caninclude, but is not limited to, an alkaline metal hydroxide, an alkalineearth metal hydroxide, an alkali metal silicate, an alkali metalcarbonate, borates and mixtures thereof. Suitable alkaline metalhydroxides include, but are not limited to, sodium hydroxide, potassiumhydroxide and mixtures thereof. Suitable alkaline earth metal hydroxidesinclude, but are not limited to, magnesium hydroxide, calcium hydroxideand mixtures and derivatives thereof. Suitable alkali metal silicatesinclude but are not limited to, sodium silicate and derivatives thereof.In other embodiments, an alkali metal carbonate can be used as a sourceof alkalinity. In a preferred aspect an alkaline metal hydroxide isemployed. The source of alkalinity can be added to the self-indicatingchemistry compositions to provide the desired pH. In some embodiments,the alkalinity source is added to achieve a pH of about 7 or greater. Incertain embodiments, the alkalinity agent is present in amounts fromabout 0.001 to about 50 wt-%, about 0.001 to about 10 wt-%, or about0.01 to about 1 wt-%.

Corrosion Inhibited Compositions

In some embodiments, the biocide and corrosion inhibitor are combined toform a corrosion inhibited aqueous composition. In an aspect, theaqueous composition comprises from about 0.5 ppm to about 50,000 ppm ofan oxidizing or non-oxidizing biocide and from about 1 ppm to about10,000 ppm of the corrosion inhibitor.

In an aspect, the corrosion inhibited aqueous composition comprises anysuitable level of the oxidizing or a non-oxidizing biocide, includingfrom about 0.5 ppm to about 50,000 ppm, from about 1 ppm to about 10,000ppm, or from about 100 ppm to about 1,000 ppm of said oxidizing or anon-oxidizing biocide, such as for example a peroxycarboxylic acid, anysuitable level of the corrosion inhibitor, including from about 1 ppm toabout 10,000 ppm, from about 1 ppm to about 1,000 ppm, from about 1 ppmto about 500 ppm, or from about 100 ppm to about 200 ppm.

In an aspect, the corrosion inhibited aqueous composition comprises anysuitable level of the corrosion inhibitor, including from about 1 ppm toabout 10,000, 1 to about 10 ppm, 10 to about 20 ppm, 20 to about 30 ppm,30 to about 40 ppm, 40 to about 50 ppm, 50 to about 60 ppm, 60 to about70 ppm, 70 to about 80 ppm, 80 to about 90 ppm, 90 to about 100 ppm, 100to about 110 ppm, 110 to about 120 ppm, 120 to about 130 ppm, 130 toabout 140 ppm, 140 to about 150 ppm, 100 to about 150 ppm, 150 to about200 ppm, 200 to about 250 ppm, 250 to about 300 ppm, 300 to about 350ppm, 350 to about 400 ppm, 400 to about 450 ppm, 450 to about 500 ppm,500 to about 550 ppm, 550 to about 600 ppm, 600 to about 650 ppm, 650 toabout 700 ppm, 700 to about 750 ppm, 750 to about 800 ppm, 800 to about850 ppm, 850 to about 900 ppm, 900 to about 950 ppm, 950 to about 1,000ppm, 1,000 to about 1,500 ppm, 1,500 to about 2,000 ppm, 2,000 to about2,500 ppm, 2,500 to about 3,000 ppm, 3,000 to about 3,500 ppm, 3,500 toabout 4,000 ppm, 4,000 to about 4,500 ppm, 4,500 to about 5,000 ppm,5,000 to about 5,500 ppm, 5,500 to about 6,000 ppm, 6,000 to about 6,500ppm, 6,500 to about 7,000 ppm, 7,000 to about 7,500 ppm, 7,500 to about8,000 ppm, 8,000 to about 8,500 ppm, 8,500 to about 9,000 ppm, or 9,000to about 10,000 ppm of the corrosion inhibitor.

In an aspect, the aqueous composition comprises from about 0.5 ppm toabout 50,000 ppm of a peroxyformic acid and from about 1 ppm to about10,000 ppm of the corrosion inhibitor. In an aspect, the corrosioninhibited aqueous composition comprises any suitable level of theperoxyformic acid, including from about 0.5 ppm to about 50,000 ppm,from about 1 ppm to about 10,000 ppm, or from about 100 ppm to about1,000 ppm. In an aspect, the corrosion inhibited aqueous compositioncomprises any suitable level of the corrosion inhibitor, including fromabout 1 ppm to about 10,000, 1 to about 10 ppm, 10 to about 20 ppm, 20to about 30 ppm, 30 to about 40 ppm, 40 to about 50 ppm, 50 to about 60ppm, 60 to about 70 ppm, 70-80 ppm, 80 to about 90 ppm, 90 to about 100ppm, 100 to about 110 ppm, 110 to about 120 ppm, 120 to about 130 ppm,130 to about 140 ppm, 140 to about 150 ppm, 100 to about 150 ppm, 150 toabout 200 ppm, 200 to about 250 ppm, 250 to about 300 ppm, 300 to about350 ppm, 350 to about 400 ppm, 400 to about 450 ppm, 450 to about 500ppm, 500 to about 550 ppm, 550 to about 600 ppm, 600 to about 650 ppm,650 to about 700 ppm, 700 to about 750 ppm, 750 to about 800 ppm, 800 toabout 850 ppm, 850 to about 900 ppm, 900 to about 950 ppm, 950 to about1,000 ppm, 1,000 to about 1,500 ppm, 1,500 to about 2,000 ppm, 2,000 toabout 2,500 ppm, 2,500 to about 3,000 ppm, 3,000 to about 3,500 ppm,3,500 to about 4,000 ppm, 4,000 to about 4,500 ppm, 4,500 to about 5,000ppm, 5,000 to about 5,500 ppm, 5,500 to about 6,000 ppm, 6,000 to about6,500 ppm, 6,500 to about 7,000 ppm, 7,000 to about 7,500 ppm, 7,500 toabout 8,000 ppm, 8,000 to about 8,500 ppm, 8,500 to about 9,000 ppm, or9,000 to about 10,000 ppm of the corrosion inhibitor.

In an aspect, the corrosion inhibited aqueous composition has a pH rangeof from 1 to about 12.0, preferably at a pH less than 12, preferably ata pH less than 11, preferably at a pH less than 10, less than 9, or lessthan 8.2 (pKa of peroxyacetic acid). Beneficially the compositions canbe at acidic pH, neutral, and alkaline pHs.

Beneficially the corrosion inhibitor compositions provides a treatedsystem with a corrosion rate of less than about 4 mils per year (MPY),from about 0 to about 4 MPT, from 0 to about 3, from 0 to about 2, orfrom 0 to about 1. In an aspect, the corrosion inhibited compositionconcentration is adjusted in a treated water source (or other target) toprovide a corrosion rate of less than about 4 mils per year (MPY).

Corrosion Inhibited Peroxyformic Acid Forming Compositions

In some embodiments, an oxidizing peracid comprising peroxyformic acidcan be formulated into a stable premix composition for use according tothe invention. This unexpected benefit of providing a corrosioninhibitor into an oxidizing source, such as a carboxylic acid orperoxycarboxylic acid, overcomes substantial limitations of the artwhich are known to have negative impact on stability and performancewhen the oxidizing source is combined in a corrosion inhibitor.

In an embodiment, a peroxyformic acid corrosion inhibited compositioncomprises at least a two part system, comprising a first premixcomprising formic acid and the corrosion inhibitor, and a second partcomprising a source of hydrogen peroxide, wherein the two partcomposition is combined to generate the peroxyformic acid in situ.

Beneficially, the premix comprising the performic acid and the corrosioninhibitor is shelf-stable for a period of at least 1 month, at least 2months, at least 3 months, at least 4 months, at least 5 months, atleast 6 months, at least 7 months, at least 8 months, at least 9 months,at least 10 months, at least 11 months, at least 12 months, or greater.

According to embodiments of the invention the premix compositioncomprising formic acid and the corrosion inhibitor can include anysuitable amount or ratio of the components. In an aspect, the premixcomposition comprises from about 1 to about 99 wt-% formic acid and fromabout 1 to about 99 wt-% corrosion inhibitor, from about 10 to about 90wt-% formic acid and from about 10 to about 90 wt-% corrosion inhibitor,from about 20 to about 80 wt-% formic acid and from about 20 to about 80wt-% corrosion inhibitor, or any amounts or ratios there between.

According to embodiments of the invention the premix and/or the secondpart to the system can further comprise additional functionalingredients as disclosed herein. Exemplary, additional functionalingredients include for example, catalyst, stabilizing agent, pHbuffering agent, acidulant, friction reducer, viscosity enhancer,defoaming agent, anti-redeposition agent, bleaching agent, solubilitymodifier, dispersant, metal protecting agent, additional corrosioninhibitor, additional biocide, scale inhibitor, sequestrant and/orchelating agent, peracid stabilizer, surfactant and/or antimicrobialagent, additional carboxylic acid, emulsion breaker, emulsionstabilizer, fragrance and/or dye, rheology modifier or thickener,hydrotrope or coupler, buffer, solvent and/or combinations thereof.

Beneficially the corrosion inhibitor compositions provides a treatedsystem with a corrosion rate of less than about 4 mils per year (MPY),from about 0 to about 4 MPT, from 0 to about 3, from 0 to about 2, orfrom 0 to about 1. In an aspect, the corrosion inhibited compositionconcentration is adjusted in a treated water source (or other target) toprovide a corrosion rate of less than about 4 mils per year (MPY).

Corrosion Inhibited Non-Oxidizing Biocide Compositions

In some embodiments, a non-oxidizing biocide and a corrosion inhibitorcan be formulated into a stable composition for use according to theinvention providing an unexpected benefit according to the invention. Inan embodiment, a non-oxidizing biocide corrosion inhibited compositioncomprises the biocide and the corrosion inhibitor. In such embodiments,the composition is shelf-stable for a period of at least 1 month, atleast 2 months, at least 3 months, at least 4 months, at least 5 months,at least 6 months, at least 7 months, at least 8 months, at least 9months, at least 10 months, at least 11 months, at least 12 months, orgreater.

According to embodiments of the invention the composition comprisingnon-oxidizing biocide and the corrosion inhibitor can include anysuitable amount or ratio of the components. In an aspect, the premixcomposition comprises from about 1 to about 99 wt-% non-oxidizingbiocide and from about 1 to about 99 wt-% corrosion inhibitor, fromabout 10 to about 90 wt-% non-oxidizing biocide and from about 10 toabout 90 wt-% corrosion inhibitor, from about 20 to about 80 wt-%non-oxidizing biocide and from about 20 to about 80 wt-% corrosioninhibitor, or any amounts or ratios there between.

According to embodiments of the invention the composition can furthercomprise additional functional ingredients as disclosed herein.Exemplary, additional functional ingredients include for example,catalyst, stabilizing agent, pH buffering agent, acidulant, frictionreducer, viscosity enhancer, defoaming agent, anti-redeposition agent,bleaching agent, solubility modifier, dispersant, metal protectingagent, additional corrosion inhibitor, additional biocide, scaleinhibitor, sequestrant and/or chelating agent, peracid stabilizer,surfactant and/or antimicrobial agent, additional carboxylic acid,emulsion breaker, emulsion stabilizer, fragrance and/or dye, rheologymodifier or thickener, hydrotrope or coupler, buffer, solvent and/orcombinations thereof.

Beneficially the corrosion inhibitor compositions provides a treatedsystem with a corrosion rate of less than about 4 mils per year (MPY),from about 0 to about 4 MPT, from 0 to about 3, from 0 to about 2, orfrom 0 to about 1. In an aspect, the corrosion inhibited compositionconcentration is adjusted in a treated water source (or other target) toprovide a corrosion rate of less than about 4 mils per year (MPY).

Methods of Inhibiting and Preventing Corrosion

In an embodiment, the present invention is directed to a method forpreventing or treating corrosion on a target, which method comprisescontacting a target with an effective amount of a corrosion protectedbiocide, including oxidizing or a non-oxidizing biocide, such as aperoxycarboxylic acid composition (or peroxycarboxylic acid formingcomposition or other biocide), to reduce or eliminate corrosion causedby the biocide. It is understood that reference to the peroxycarboxylicacid compositions shall further be understood to refer to and include asan additional suitable embodiment the peroxycarboxylic acid formingcompositions. It is further understood that other non-oxidizing biocidesare suitable for use in corrosion inhibition according to the methods ofthe invention.

In an aspect, the corrosion inhibitor compositions provides a treatedsystem with a corrosion rate of less than about 4 mils per year (MPY),from about 0 to about 4 MPY, from 0 to about 3, from 0 to about 2, orfrom 0 to about 1. In an aspect, the corrosion inhibitor compositionconcentration is adjusted in a treated water source (or other target) toprovide a corrosion rate of less than about 4 mils per year (MPY).

In an aspect, the methods for treating a target according to theinvention are suitable for preventing general and/or biocide corrosion.The methods of the invention provide improved corrosion prevention incomparison to an untreated target (e.g. water source without anycorrosion inhibitor) and/or in comparison to a conventional corrosioninhibitors. Conventional corrosion inhibitors include, for example,cationic surfactant comprising an ammonium halide, such as alkylammonium halides, polyalkyl ammonium halides, or any combinationsthereof. In embodiments, the cationic surfactant includes anycombination or at least one of an alkyl trimethyl ammonium halide, analkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium halide, and one or more imidazoliniumhalides.

The corrosion inhibitor composition reduces the amount of general orbiocide to about induced corrosion by more than 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%,7%, 8%, 9%, or 10% than if the composition were not added to the aqueoussystem (also referred to as an untreated composition or system). In anaspect, the corrosion rate of a system is lower by at least 1 to about2% upon addition of the corrosion inhibitor composition. Beneficiallywithin a period of up to 24 hours the corrosion rate of a system islower by at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, or 10%. Thecorrosion inhibitor composition reduces the amount of general orbiocide-induced corrosion by more than 10%, more than 15%, more than20%, more than 25%, or still more preferably more than 50%, than if thecorrosion inhibitor composition were not added to the aqueous system.

The corrosion inhibitor composition reduces the amount of general orbiocide-induced corrosion by more than 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%,9%, or 10% than if the composition were treated with a conventionalcorrosion inhibitor. In an aspect, the corrosion rate of a system islower by at least 1 to about 2% upon addition of the corrosion inhibitorcomposition. Beneficially within a period of up to 24 hours thecorrosion rate of a system is lower by at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%,7%, 8%, 9%, or 10%. The corrosion inhibitor composition reduces theamount of general or biocide-induced corrosion by more than 10%, morethan 15%, more than 20%, more than 25%, or still more preferably morethan 50%, than if a conventional corrosion inhibitor composition wereadded to the aqueous system.

The corrosion inhibitor composition may be used in conjunction withvarious additional functional ingredients. In some embodiments, thecorrosion inhibitor composition may be used in conjunction with otherproduction chemicals including, but not limited to, hydrate inhibitors,scale inhibitors, asphaltene inhibitors, paraffin inhibitors, H₂Sscavengers, O₂ scavengers, emulsion breakers, foamers and de-foamers,and water clarifiers.

Targets for Corrosion Inhibition

The presently disclosed corrosion inhibitor compositions, methods ofinhibiting or reducing corrosion, and corrosion control programs can beapplied to any type of industrial system, such as water recirculatingsystems, cooling water systems, boiler water systems, pulp slurries,papermaking processes, ceramic slurries, mixed solid/liquid systems, andoil-field applications, such as those disclosed in the backgroundsection of the present application. In general, the presently disclosedcorrosion inhibitors can effectively inhibit or reduce corrosion in anytype of aqueous system comprising a metallic or glass surface.

In an aspect, the methods for treating a target comprise contacting thetarget with a oxidizing or a non-oxidizing biocide and a corrosioninhibitor according to the invention. In a preferred embodiment, thepresent methods can be used to treat a target that is contained within awater source, and the present methods can comprise providing aneffective amount of oxidizing or a non-oxidizing biocide, such as forexample a peroxycarboxylic acid composition, to a water source toprevent corrosion on surfaces in contact with the water source, such asmetallic surfaces. In one aspect, the metallic surface comprises mildsteel but in other aspects, the metallic surface may comprise a memberselected from the group consisting of mild steel, galvanized steel,aluminum, aluminum alloys, copper, copper nickel alloys, copper zincalloys, brass, chrome steels, ferritic alloy steels, austeniticstainless steels, precipitation-hardened stainless steels, high nickelcontent steels, and any combination thereof.

The aqueous medium in which the corrosion inhibitor and oxidizing or anon-oxidizing biocide are applied to may be in contact with manydifferent types of surfaces that are capable of corrosion. Illustrative,non-limiting examples are those surfaces in an oil and gas pipelineand/or refinery, such as separation vessels, dehydration units, gaslines, and pipelines, in addition to cooling water systems. In general,the dosage may be dependent upon the corrosivity of the system andoftentimes the water cut realized in the application.

In a preferred embodiment, the target is an aqueous medium in which thecorrosion inhibitor and oxidizing or a non-oxidizing biocide are appliedto may be in contact with many different types of surfaces that arecapable of corrosion. Illustrative, non-limiting examples are thosesurfaces in an oil and gas pipeline and/or refinery, such as separationvessels, dehydration units, gas lines, and pipelines, in addition tocooling water systems. In general, the dosage may be dependent upon thecorrosivity of the system and oftentimes the water cut realized in theapplication.

In some aspects, the corrosion inhibitor and oxidizing or anon-oxidizing biocide may be injected down the annulus of a well andflushed with the appropriate solvent. In other aspects, it may beinjected through suitable injection lines to areas where corrosion canoccur through capillaries or umbilical lines (in many cases at thewellhead if suitable metallurgy is used downhole).

The present methods can be used to treat any suitable water source,including both buffered and non-buffered water systems. For example, awater source in need of treatment can be a source water (e.g. freshwater, pond water, lake water, municipal water, etc.), reuse water, seaor brine water, brackish water, recycled water, produced water, papermanufacturing water, tower water, such as cooling water, or acombination thereof of any such water sources. Suitable water sourcesinclude those used in oil and/or gas drilling operations, such as awater source used in an operation of induced hydraulic fracturing(hydrofracturing or fracking), which may further include water sourcescomprising a friction reducer or a viscosity enhancer. Such treatedwaters according to the invention can be used for both slick waterfracturing (i.e. using frictions reducers) and/or gel fracturing (i.e.using viscosity enhancers), depending on the type of formation beingfractured and the type of hydrocarbon expected to be produced.

In an aspect, where the water is a water source employed in well fluidoperations. In such an aspect of the invention, recycled water sources(e.g. produced waters) are often employed to reduce the amount of afreshwater, pond water or seawater source required. Recycled or producedwater are understood to include non-potable water sources. The use ofsuch produced waters (in combination with freshwater, pond water orseawater) reduces certain economic and/or environmental constraints. Inan aspect of the invention, thousands to millions of gallons of watermay be employed and the combination of produced water with fresh watersources provides significant economic and environmental advantages. Inan aspect of the invention, as much produced water as practical isemployed. In an embodiment at least 1% produced water is employed,preferably at least 5% produced water is employed, preferably at least10% produced water is employed, preferably at least 20% produced wateris employed, or more preferably more than 20% produced water isemployed. In some embodiments up to or about 100% of produced water isemployed.

In yet other aspects, the methods for treating a target can include orbe used on or in other industrial equipment and in other industrialprocess streams such as heaters, cooling towers, boilers, retort waters,rinse waters, aseptic packaging wash waters, and the like. The presentmethods may be used to inhibit and/or remove corrosion in recreationalwaters such as in pools, spas, recreational flumes and water slides,fountains, and the like.

In alternative aspects, the methods for treating a target can include atarget that is water and/or at least a portion of a medium, a container,an equipment, a system or a facility for producing, holding, processing,packaging, storing, or transporting pulp. The present methods can beused to treat water and/or other target(s) to prevent corrosion. Forexample, the present methods can be used in papermaking, textiles, food,or pharmaceutical industry. In such embodiments, the methods can be usedto treat a water source, alone or in combination with other target(s),to form a treated water source that comprises any suitable level of thecorrosion inhibitor and oxidizing or a non-oxidizing biocide.

In alternative aspects, the methods for treating a target can include atarget that is water and/or at least a portion of a medium, a surface, acontainer, an equipment, or a system in a health care facility, e.g., aphysical office or a hospital. The present methods can be used to treatwater and/or other target(s) to prevent corrosion. In such embodiments,the methods can be used to treat a water source, alone or in combinationwith other target(s), to form a treated water source that comprises anysuitable level of corrosion inhibitor and oxidizing or a non-oxidizingbiocide to prevent corrosion.

In alternative aspects, the methods for treating a target can include atarget that is water and/or at least a portion of a container, anequipment, a system or a facility for holding, processing, packaging,storing, transporting, preparing, cooking or serving the food item orthe plant item. The present methods can be used to treat water and/orother target(s) to prevent corrosion. In such embodiments, the methodscan be used to treat a water source, alone or in combination with othertarget(s), to form a treated water source that comprises any suitablelevel of corrosion inhibitor and oxidizing or a non-oxidizing biocide toprevent corrosion.

In some embodiments, the target is at least a portion of a container, anequipment, a system or a facility for holding, processing, packaging,storing, transporting, preparing, cooking or serving a meat item, afruit item, a vegetable item, or a grain item. In other embodiments, thetarget is at least a portion of a container, an equipment, a system or afacility for holding, processing, packaging, storing, or transporting ananimal carcass. In still other embodiments, the target is at least aportion of a container, an equipment, a system or a facility used infood processing, food service or health care industry. In yet otherembodiments, the target is at least a portion of a fixed in-placeprocess facility. An exemplary fixed in-place process facility cancomprise a milk line dairy, a continuous brewing system, a pumpable foodsystem or a beverage processing line.

In particular aspects of the present disclosure, the corrosioninhibitors may be used in connection with warewashing compositions.Warewashing compositions may be used for protecting articles, such asglassware or silverware, from corrosion in a dishwashing or warewashingmachine. However, it is to be understood that the warewashingcompositions comprising the presently disclosed corrosion inhibitors canbe available for cleaning environments other than inside a dishwashingor warewashing machine. In addition to the corrosion inhibitor, thewarewashing composition and/or use solution may also include cleaningagents, alkaline sources, surfactants, chelating/sequestering agents,bleaching agents, detergent builders or fillers, hardening agents orsolubility modifiers, defoamers, anti-redeposition agents, thresholdagents, aesthetic enhancing agents (i.e., dye, perfume), and the like.Adjuvants and other additive ingredients will vary according to the typeof composition being manufactured. It should be understood that theseadditives are optional and need not be included in the cleaningcomposition. When they are included, they can be included in an amountthat provides for the effectiveness of the particular type of component.

Contacting the Targets for Inhibiting Corrosion

In an aspect, the contacting of the target with the corrosion inhibitorand oxidizing or a non-oxidizing biocide forms a treated targetcomposition, wherein said treated target composition comprises anysuitable level of the oxidizing or a non-oxidizing biocide, includingfrom about 0.5 ppm to about 50,000 ppm, from about 1 ppm to about 10,000ppm, or from about 100 ppm to about 1,000 ppm of said oxidizing or anon-oxidizing biocide, such as for example a peroxycarboxylic acid, anysuitable level of the corrosion inhibitor, including from about 1 ppm toabout 10,000 ppm, from about 1 ppm to about 1,000 ppm, from about 1 ppmto about 500 ppm, or from about 100 ppm to about 200 ppm, andpreferably, said contacting lasts for sufficient time to preventcorrosion. As one skilled in the art will ascertain, the concentrationof the corrosion inhibitor and the oxidizing or a non-oxidizing biocidefor contacting the target will vary based upon factors including, forexample, the particular application.

The target can be contacted with the corrosion inhibitor (either alone,in sequence with or parallel with the addition of the oxidizing or anon-oxidizing biocide) or in a combined composition with the oxidizingor a non-oxidizing biocide to form a treated target compositioncomprising any suitable level of said corrosion inhibitor, e.g., about 1ppm to about 10,000, about 1 to about 10 ppm, about 10 to about 20 ppm,about 20 to about 30 ppm, about 30 to about 40 ppm, about 40 to about 50ppm, about 50 to about 60 ppm, about 60 to about 70 ppm, about 70 toabout 80 ppm, about 80 to about 90 ppm, about 90 to about 100 ppm, about100 to about 150 ppm, about 150 to about 200 ppm, about 200 to about 250ppm, about 250 to about 300 ppm, about 300 to about 350 ppm, about 350to about 400 ppm, about 400 to about 450 ppm, about 450 to about 500ppm, about 500 to about 550 ppm, about 550 to about 600 ppm, about 600to about 650 ppm, about 650 to about 700 ppm, about 700 to about 750ppm, about 750 to about 800 ppm, about 800 to about 850 ppm, about 850to about 900 ppm, about 900 to about 950 ppm, about 950 to about 1,000ppm, about 1,000 to about 1,500 ppm, about 1,500 to about 2,000 ppm,about 2,000 to about 2,500 ppm, about 2,500 to about 3,000 ppm, about3,000 to about 3,500 ppm, about 3,500 to about 4,000 ppm, about 4,000 toabout 4,500 ppm, or about 4,500 to about 5,000 ppm, about 5,000 to about5,500 ppm, about 5,500 to about 6,000 ppm, about 6,000 to about 6,500ppm, about 6,500 to about 7,000 ppm, about 7,000 to about 7,500 ppm,about 7,500 to about 8,000, about 8,000 to about 8,500 ppm, about 8,500to about 9,000 ppm, about 9,000 to about 9,500 ppm, or about 9,500 toabout 10,000 ppm of the corrosion inhibitor.

In an embodiment, the target can be contacted with the corrosioninhibitor on an ongoing or continuous dosing basis, wherein theoxidizing or a non-oxidizing biocide is dosed at a less frequent basis(either alone, in sequence with or parallel with the addition of the) toform a treated target composition comprising any suitable level of saidcorrosion inhibitor, e.g., about 1 ppm to about 10,000, about 1 to about10 ppm, about 10 to about 20 ppm, about 20 to about 30 ppm, about 30 toabout 40 ppm, about 40 to about 50 ppm, about 50 to about 60 ppm, about60 to about 70 ppm, about 70 to about 80 ppm, about 80 to about 90 ppm,about 90 to about 100 ppm, about 100 to about 150 ppm, about 150 toabout 200 ppm, about 200 to about 250 ppm, about 250 to about 300 ppm,about 300 to about 350 ppm, about 350 to about 400 ppm, about 400 toabout 450 ppm, about 450 to about 500 ppm, about 500 to about 550 ppm,about 550 to about 600 ppm, about 600 to about 650 ppm, about 650 toabout 700 ppm, about 700 to about 750 ppm, about 750 to about 800 ppm,about 800 to about 850 ppm, about 850 to about 900 ppm, about 900 toabout 950 ppm, about 950 to about 1,000 ppm, about 1,000 to about 1,500ppm, about 1,500 to about 2,000 ppm, about 2,000 to about 2,500 ppm,about 2,500 to about 3,000 ppm, about 3,000 to about 3,500 ppm, about3,500 to about 4,000 ppm, about 4,000 to about 4,500 ppm, or about 4,500to about 5,000 ppm, about 5,000 to about 5,500 ppm, about 5,500 to about6,000 ppm, about 6,000 to about 6,500 ppm, about 6,500 to about 7,000ppm, about 7,000 to about 7,500 ppm, about 7,500 to about 8,000, about8,000 to about 8,500 ppm, about 8,500 to about 9,000 ppm, about 9,000 toabout 9,500 ppm, or about 9,500 to about 10,000 ppm of the corrosioninhibitor.

The target can be contacted with the oxidizing or a non-oxidizingbiocide, including for example a peroxycarboxylic acid, to form atreated target composition comprising any suitable level of saidoxidizing or a non-oxidizing biocide, e.g., about 0.5 to about 10 ppm,about 10 to about 20 ppm, about 20 to about 30 ppm, about 30 to about 40ppm, about 40 to about 50 ppm, about 50 to about 60 ppm, about 60 toabout 70 ppm, about 70 to about 80 ppm, about 80 to about 90 ppm, about90 to about 100 ppm, about 100 to about 150 ppm, about 150 to about 200ppm, about 200 to about 250 ppm, about 250 to about 300 ppm, about 300to about 350 ppm, about 350 to about 400 ppm, about 400 to about 450ppm, about 450 to about 500 ppm, about 500 to about 550 ppm, about 550to about 600 ppm, about 600 to about 650 ppm, about 650 to about 700ppm, about 700 to about 750 ppm, about 750 to about 800 ppm, about 800to about 850 ppm, about 850 to about 900 ppm, about 900 to about 950ppm, about 950 to about 1,000 ppm, about 1,000 to about 1,500 ppm, about1,500 to about 2,000 ppm, about 2,000 to about 2,500 ppm, about 2,500 toabout 3,000 ppm, about 3,000 to about 3,500 ppm, about 3,500 to about4,000 ppm, about 4,000 to about 4,500 ppm, or about 4,500 to about 5,000ppm, about 5,000 to about 5,500 ppm, about 5,500 to about 6,000 ppm,about 6,000 to about 6,500 ppm, about 6,500 to about 7,000 ppm, about7,000 to about 7,500 ppm, about 7,500 to about 8,000, about 8,000 toabout 8,500 ppm, about 8,500 to about 9,000 ppm, about 9,000 to about9,500 ppm, about 9,500 to about 10,000 ppm, about 10,000 to about 15,000ppm, about 10,000 to about 20,000 ppm, about 20,000 to about 30,000 ppm,about 30,000 to about 40,000 ppm, about 40,000 to about 50,000 ppm of anoxidizing or a non-oxidizing biocide.

In some embodiments, the treated water source comprises from about 0.5ppm to about 50,000 ppm of the oxidizing or a non-oxidizing biocide,e.g., about 0.5 to about 10 ppm, 10 to about 100 ppm, 10 to about 1,000ppm, 100 to about 1,000 ppm, 200 to about 500 ppm, 500 to about 1,000ppm, 500 to about 10,000 ppm, 1,000 to about 50,000 ppm oxidizing or anon-oxidizing biocide. In such embodiments, the treated water sourcefurther comprises from about 1 ppm to about 10,000 ppm of the corrosioninhibitor, e.g., about 1 to about 10 ppm, 10 to about 100 ppm, 10 toabout 1,000 ppm, 100 to about 1,000 ppm, 100 to about 500 ppm, 200 toabout 500 ppm, 500 to about 1,000 ppm, or 500 to about 10,000 ppmcorrosion inhibitor.

The contacting step can last any suitable amount of time. In someembodiments, the contacting step can last for at least about 10 seconds.For example, the contacting step can last for at least about 10, 20, 30,40, 50 seconds, 1 minute, 1 to about 2 minutes, 2 to about 3 minutes, 3to about 4 minutes, 4 to about 5 minutes, 5 to about 6 minutes, 6 toabout 7 minutes, 7 to about 8 minutes, 8 to about 9 minutes, or 9 toabout 10 minutes, 10 to about 15 minutes, 15 to about 20 minutes, 20 toabout 25 minutes, 25 to about 30 minutes, 30 to about 40 minutes, 40 toabout 50 minutes, 50 to about 60 minutes, 1 to about 2 hours, 2 to about3 hours, 3 to about 4 hours, 4 to about 5 hours, 5 to about 6 hours, 6to about 7 hours, 7 to about 8 hours, 8 to about 9 hours, or 9 to about10 hours, 16 hours, 1 day, 3 days, 1 week, or longer.

The contacting step can be conducted at suitable temperature range. Forexample, the contacting step can be conducted at a temperature rangingfrom about 0° C. to about 90° C., e.g., about 0° C. to about 1° C., 1°C. to about 2° C., 2° C. to about 3° C., 3° C. to about 4° C., 4° C. toabout 5° C., 5° C. to about 10° C., 10° C. to about 15° C., 15° C. toabout 20° C., 20° C. to about 25° C., 25° C. to about 30° C., 30° C. toabout 35° C., 35° C. to about 40° C., 40° C. to about 45° C., 45° C. toabout 50° C., 50° C. to about 55° C., 55° C. to about 60° C., 60° C. toabout 65° C., or 65° C. to about 70° C., 70° C. to about 75° C., 75° C.to about 80° C., 80° C. to about 85° C., 85° C. to about 90° C. In otherembodiments, the present methods can be conducted at a temperature at orlower than 0° C. In still other embodiments, the present methods can beconducted at ambient temperatures. In some embodiments, the presentmethods can be conducted at temperatures ranging from about 0° C. toabout 130° C. in the course of the treatment operations such as oil andgas field operations, from between about 5° C. to about 100° C., morepreferably between about 10° C. to about 80° C.

The contacting step can be conducted at suitable pH ranges. For example,the contacting step can be conducted at a pH range in the use solutionor target system (e.g. water source or oxidizing or a non-oxidizingbiocide containing source) of from 1 to about 12.0, preferably at a pHless than 12, preferably at a pH less than 11, preferably at a pH lessthan 10, less than 9, or less than 8.2 (pKa of peroxyacetic acid).Beneficially the methods of the invention provide corrosion inhibitionat acidic pH, neutral, and alkaline pHs.

The contacting step can be conducted at suitable CO₂ and/or O₂ ranges.In an embodiment, the contacting step is conducted at a CO₂ range of 0to about 15 psi. In an embodiment, the contacting step is conducted at aO₂ range at about 8.3 ppm.

The corrosion inhibitor and oxidizing or non-oxidizing biocide can beapplied according to the methods of the invention in any suitablemanner. The corrosion inhibitor and oxidizing or non-oxidizing biocidemay be added at any location in the aqueous system. The addition of thecorrosion inhibitor and/or oxidizing or non-oxidizing biocide may bemanual or it may be automatic, for example, by using chemical injectionpumps. In some aspects, the corrosion inhibitor and/or oxidizing ornon-oxidizing biocide may be stored in a chemical storage tank andchemical injection pump associated therewith can pump the corrosioninhibitor and/or oxidizing or non-oxidizing biocide into the aqueoussystem. The chemical injection pump(s) can be automatically or manuallycontrolled to inject any amount of the corrosion inhibitor and/oroxidizing or non-oxidizing biocide into the aqueous system.

In some embodiments, the corrosion inhibitor and oxidizing ornon-oxidizing biocide (or as referred to herein as a corrosioninhibition composition) are applied or introduced into the target waterin a continuous or intermittent manner and will depend on the type ofwater being treated. In some embodiments, the corrosion inhibitor andoxidizing or non-oxidizing biocide are introduced in a continuous mannerto maintain a preferred ppm concentration of the corrosion inhibitor andoxidizing or non-oxidizing biocide. In some embodiments, thecompositions are introduced into an aqueous fluid according to themethods disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/645,671, titled“New Method and Arrangement for Feeding Chemicals into a HydrofracturingProcess and Oil and Gas Applications”, which is hereby incorporated byreference in its entirety. In additional embodiments, the compositionscan be applied to a target by means of a spray, a fog, or a foam, or bydipping all or part of the target in the composition. In someembodiments, the composition is applied to the target by means of aspray, a fog, or a foam. In other embodiments, the diluted compositionsare applied to the target by applying in the form of a thickened orgelled solution. In still other embodiments, all or part of the targetis dipped in the composition. The target and/or the composition can besubject to any suitable movement to help or facilitate the contactbetween the target and the composition. In some embodiments, thecomposition can be agitated. In other embodiments, the composition canbe sprayed onto a target under suitable pressure and at a suitabletemperature.

In further embodiments, the methods of treating a target, such as awater source, can further comprise the step of contacting the targetwith additional functional ingredients, either formulated into thecorrosion inhibitor and/or oxidizing or non-oxidizing biocide (or acombined composition thereof) or added to the target in a separatecontacting step at any suitable time, including before, simultaneouslyor after the corrosion inhibitor and oxidizing or non-oxidizing biocide.In some embodiments, the target can be contacted with the additionalfunctional ingredients before the target is contacted with the oxidizingor non-oxidizing biocide. In other embodiments, the target can becontacted with the additional functional ingredients after the target iscontacted with the corrosion inhibitor and oxidizing or non-oxidizingbiocide (or a combined composition thereof). In still other embodiments,the target can be contacted with the additional functional ingredientsconcurrently when the target is contacted with the corrosion inhibitorand oxidizing or non-oxidizing biocide (or a combined compositionthereof). In such embodiments, the corrosion inhibitor and oxidizing ornon-oxidizing biocide (or a combined composition thereof) provideeffective corrosion inhibition without deleterious interaction with suchadditional functional ingredients, including for example scaleinhibitors and/or friction reducers.

In an aspect, the methods can further comprise contacting the targetwith an additional corrosion inhibitor. However, in other embodiments noadditional corrosion inhibitors are employed. Any suitable corrosioninhibitor can be used. In some embodiments, the corrosion inhibitor canbe a phosphate ester, a derivative of the phosphate ester, a diacid, aderivative of the diacid, a quat amine, a derivative of the quat amine,an imidazoline, a derivative of the imidazoline, an alkyl pyridine, aderivative of the alkyl pyridine, a phosphonium salt, a derivative ofthe phosphonium salt, or a combination thereof. The corrosion inhibitorcan be used at any suitable level. In some embodiments, the corrosioninhibitor can be used at a level from about 1 ppm to about 50,000 ppm,e.g., about 1 to about 10 ppm, 10 to about 20 ppm, 20 to about 30 ppm,30 to about 40 ppm, 40 to about 50 ppm, 50 to about 60 ppm, 60 to about70 ppm, 70 to about 80 ppm, 80 to about 90 ppm, 90 to about 100 ppm, 100to about 150 ppm, 150 to about 200 ppm, 200 to about 250 ppm, 250 toabout 300 ppm, 300 to about 350 ppm, 350 to about 400 ppm, 400 to about450 ppm, 450 to about 500 ppm, 500 to about 550 ppm, 550 to about 600ppm, 600 to about 650 ppm, 650 to about 700 ppm, 700 to about 750 ppm,750 to about 800 ppm, 800 to about 850 ppm, 850 to about 900 ppm, 900 toabout 950 ppm, 950 to about 1,000 ppm, 1,000 to about 1,500 ppm, 1,500to about 2,000 ppm, 2,000 to about 2,500 ppm, 2,500 to about 3,000 ppm,3,000 to about 3,500 ppm, 3,500 to about 4,000 ppm, 4,000 to about 4,500ppm, or 4,500 to about 5,000 ppm, 5,000 to about 5,500 ppm, 5,500 toabout 6,000 ppm, 6,000 to about 6,500 ppm, 6,500 to about 7,000 ppm,7,000 to about 7,500 ppm, 7,500 to about 8,000, 8,000 to about 8,500ppm, 8,500 to about 9,000 ppm, 9,000 to about 9,500 ppm, or 9,500 toabout 10,000 ppm.

In further embodiments, the methods of the invention can further beemployed to reduce microbial population in and/or on the target or thetreated target composition in an amount greater than that the magnitudeprovided as a result of the oxidizing or non-oxidizing biocide, namely apercarboxylic acid employed without the corrosion inhibitor. In someembodiments, the present methods can be used to reduce microbialpopulation in and/or on the target or the treated target composition byat least one log 10, two log 10, three log 10, four log 10, five log 10,or more. In other embodiments, the level of a microorganism, if presentin and/or on the target or the treated target composition, can bestabilized or reduced by the present methods. For example, at least 10%,20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, or 90% or more of the microorganism,if present in and/or on the target or the treated target composition,can be killed, destroyed, removed and/or inactivated by the presentmethods.

In further embodiments, the methods of treating a target, namely a watersource, can further comprise the step of monitoring a concentration(s)of the oxidizing or non-oxidizing biocide, namely a peroxycarboxylicacid. Such monitoring may be conducted in any suitable manner. In someembodiments, the concentrations of the oxidizing biocide such as aperoxycarboxylic acid and/or hydrogen peroxide can be monitored using akinetic assay procedure, e.g., the exemplary procedure disclosed in U.S.Pat. Nos. 8,017,409 and 8,236,573, which are hereby incorporated byreference in their entirety. The monitoring step may also determine theconcentrations of peroxycarboxylic acid and/or hydrogen peroxide in thepresence of other additional functional ingredients, such as acidulants,one or more stabilizing agents, surfactants, corrosion inhibitors, orother ingredients which may be present in the use composition or addingto the target in a contacting step.

In further embodiments, the methods of treating a target, namely a watersource, can further comprise the step of disposing of the treated watersource. The present methods can further comprise directing the treatedwater source into a subterranean environment, e.g., a subterraneanenvironment that comprises a well.

Additional Beneficial Effects of the Methods of Use in Water Treatment

Beneficially, in some aspects, the methods of using a corrosioninhibitor beneficially provide synergistic increases in biocidalactivity of the system.

In a further aspect, the methods of use provide a corrosion inhibitorfor use that does not negatively interfere with friction reducers,viscosity enhancers and/or other functional ingredients. In a furtheraspect, the methods of use do not negatively interfere with anyadditional functional agents utilized in the water treatment methods,including for example, scale inhibitors, descaling agents and the like.The compositions administered according to the invention provideextremely effective corrosion inhibition without adversely affecting thefunctional properties of any additive polymers of an aqueous system.Beneficially, the non-deleterious effects of the corrosion inhibitor andoxidizing or non-oxidizing biocide on the various functional ingredientsused in water treatment methods are achieved regardless of the make-upof the water source in need of treatment.

In an additional aspect, the methods of use prevent the contamination ofsystems, such as well or reservoir souring. In further aspects, themethods of use prevent microbiologically-influenced corrosion of thesystems upon which it is employed.

In further aspects, the methods of are suitable for anti-corrosionbenefits while providing antimicrobial efficacy against a broad spectrumof microorganisms, providing broad spectrum bactericidal and fungistaticactivity. For example, the peracid biocides of this invention providebroad spectrum activity against wide range of different types ofmicroorganisms (including both aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms),including bacteria, yeasts, molds, fungi, algae, and other problematicmicroorganisms associated with oil- and gas-field operations. Exemplarymicroorganisms susceptible to the peracid compositions of the inventioninclude, gram positive bacteria (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillusspecies (sp.) like Bacillus subtilis, Clostridia sp.), gram negativebacteria (e.g., Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas sp., Klebsiellapneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, Enterobacter sp., Serratia sp.,Desulfovibrio sp., and Desulfotomaculum sp.), yeasts (e.g.,Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans), molds (e.g., Aspergillusniger, Cephalosporium acremonium, Penicillium notatum, and Aureobasidiumpullulans), filamentous fungi (e.g., Aspergillus niger and Cladosporiumresinae), algae (e.g., Chlorella vulgaris, Euglena gracilis, andSelenastrum capricornutum), and other analogous microorganisms andunicellular organisms (e.g., phytoplankton and protozoa).

In still further additional aspects, the methods provide oxidantproperties. Water sources are often rich in malodorous compounds ofreduced sulfur, nitrogen or phosphorous. A strong oxidant such as thecompositions disclosed herein converts these compounds efficiently totheir odor free derivatives e.g. the sulfates, phosphates and amineoxides. These same properties are very useful in the pulp and paperindustry where the property of bleaching is also of great utility.

All publications and patent applications in this specification areindicative of the level of ordinary skill in the art to which thisinvention pertains. All publications and patent applications are hereinincorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individualpublication or patent application was specifically and individuallyindicated as incorporated by reference.

EXAMPLES

Embodiments of the present invention are further defined in thefollowing non-limiting Examples. It should be understood that theseExamples, while indicating certain embodiments of the invention, aregiven by way of illustration only. From the above discussion and theseExamples, one skilled in the art can ascertain the essentialcharacteristics of this invention, and without departing from the spiritand scope thereof, can make various changes and modifications of theembodiments of the invention to adapt it to various usages andconditions. Thus, various modifications of the embodiments of theinvention, in addition to those shown and described herein, will beapparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description.Such modifications are also intended to fall within the scope of theappended claims.

Bubble Cell Test Procedure

The bubble test was designed to evaluate the partitioning properties ofnew corrosion inhibitor formulations, i.e., how quickly and to whatextent in the multiphase system the chemicals will enter the water phaseunder stagnant conditions where the corrosion reaction takes place. Withrespect to the field conditions, this test simulates low profile areas,such as dead legs and water traps where no or very limited mixingexists, and the performance of an inhibitor is primarily determined byits capability to partition into the water phase. A synthetic orproduced field brine is placed in a specially designed glass kettlewhere it is stirred at a low speed using a magnetic stir bar. Thesolution in the kettle is purged with the test gas (such as CO₂ whensimulating sweet systems) and heated to the test temperature.

The corrosion rate is measured by a Linear Polarization Resistance (LPR)technique. An electrochemical probe accommodating three steel electrodesis used to obtain the values of polarization resistance, R_(p). The dataacquisition software converts the data obtained into the corrosion ratein mils per year (MPY). After the probe has been immersed into thebrine, a measured volume of crude oil or synthetic hydrocarbonsimulating an oil-phase is carefully introduced on top of the brine andthe measurement is started. Typically, the system is allowed toequilibrate for several hours during which time the uninhibitedcorrosion rate baseline is obtained. Then, an inhibitor is injected intothe hydrocarbon phase so that it must migrate through the oil into theaqueous phase. A typical testing time period is 24 hours, however,experiments can be run for up to several days. The typical corrosionprofile obtained from bubble cell experiments is shown in FIG. 1. Allevents are shown as numbered arrows. The baseline corrosion rate isrecorded at arrow #1. After the corrosion inhibitor is added, thecorrosion rate for the corrosion protected brine was recorded at thetime indicated by the arrow #2. Corrosion rate for biocide addition wasrecoded at arrow #3; corrosion rates for 2 hrs, 8 hrs, and 17 hrs afterbiocide addition were recorded at arrow #4, #5 and #6 respectively.

To calculate percentage protection by a corrosion inhibitor, thecorrosion rate of corrosion inhibitor+biocide for time points at eachevent was compared to the corrosion rate for each event with biocidealone. Percentage protection was calculated by using the formula %protection=100*((corrosion rate without CI-corrosion rate withCI)/corrosion rate without CI (1)).

Biocide Efficiency

Biocidal efficiency of the biocide and biocide in conjunction withcorrosion inhibitors were analyzed using fluorescence to indirectlydetect the amount of ATP in a given sample. ATP provides a directcorrelation to live bacteria (1 fg of ATP=1 cell). Through a standardcurve, it is the possible to translate the amount of ATP in a givensample to the number of cells/mL in a given sample. Percentage kill wascalculated by normalizing the detected bacterial numbers in a biocide ora biocide and corrosion inhibitor treated sample to untreated sample.For evaluation of corrosion protection and biocidal efficiency in thefollowing Examples the corrosion inhibitor molecules listed in Tables 2and 3 were used.

TABLE 2 (Corrosion inhibitor molecules and the concentration of stocksolution (chemicals were used at 120 ppm product dosage)) MoleculeActive % Cocoamphodiproprionate sodium salt 20 COCOAP HyperbranchedPolyesteramide 50 Cocoglucoside dimethicone 17.52-hydroxylethyl-N-methylbutane-1-sulphonamide 24.25 Dodecenyl succinicanhydride 50 Cetyl pyridinium bromide 20 Cetyl pyridinium chloride 20Benzyl, didethyl-dodecyl- ammonium chloride 92 (quaternary ammoniumcompound) (Control 1) Fatty acids, tall-oil, reaction products withn-(2 - 80 aminoethyl)-1,2-ethanediamine & 2-propenoic acid (Acrylatedimidazoline) (Control 2) Mercaptoethanol 100 (Control 3 - Synergist)

TABLE 3 (Biocides and their compositions (biocides were used at 100 ppmproduct dosage)) 1 Biocide 1 15% PAA, 10% Peroxide 2 Biocide 2 7.5% PFA,0.2% peroxide 3 Biocide 3 75% THPS 4 Biocide 4 50% Glutaraldehyde

Example 1

Evaluation of Cocoamphodiproprionate sodium salt (COCOAP) CorrosionInhibitor

A 1 L glass kettle is filled with a given amount of brine mixed withproduced water. The produced water brine is then heated using a stirplace while de-aerating with Carbon dioxide. Corrosion rate is monitoredvia LPR probes. Corrosion coupons are cleaned with successive sonicationin Xylene and acetone after which they are assembled in to the LPRprobes. The probes are then attached to the Gamry controller. After acouple of hours of de-aeration with CO₂, uninhibited corrosion rate iscollected for a couple of hours after which 120 ppm of corrosioninhibitor is added. Corrosion inhibited corrosion rate is monitored forat least 2 hrs after which biocide is added. The test after this is runovernight, typically for 16-20 hrs and data collected every 15 minutes.Corrosion rate for each corrosion inhibitor was monitored for theevaluated biocides.

Corrosion data for produced water brine treated with 120 ppm ofCocoamphodiproprionate sodium salt (20% solution) and 100 ppm ofbiocides is tabulated in Table 4 (Corrosion rate in MPY of COCOAP).

TABLE 4 Corrosion rate in MPY Bio- Bio- Bio- Bio- Cocoamphodiproprionatecide 1 cide 2 cide 3 cide 4 CO₂* Background 4.06 1.097 4.7840 7.573099.6400 CI 4.888 0.5222 6.9830 4.4020 98.5400 Biocide 48.9 3.966 5.94503.9920 Biocide + 2 hrs 15.8 1.436 3.2560 3.6720 23.7300 Biocide + 8 hrs1.415 0.6276 7.3900 3.2270 6.9350 Biocide + 17 hrs 0.81 0.4382 19.28002.8500 5.9230 *No biocide was added in the CO₂ only tests.

The addition of 120 ppm of Cocoamphodiproprionate (Table 4) results insignificant protection of the carbon steel coupons compared to biocidetreated produced water brine alone results in corrosion of C1018 carbonsteel coupons (Table 12). This is apparent in samples treated withBiocide 1 (FIG. 2A and Table 4), Biocide 3 (FIG. 3A and Table 4),Biocide 4 (FIG. 3B and Table 4) and CO₂ (FIG. 4A and Table 4), as CO₂ inwater generated carbonic acid is known to cause generalized corrosion.Corrosion protection by Cocoamphodiproprionate is also seen whencompared to samples treated with 120 ppm of Control 1 (Table 13) andControl 2 (Table 14).

FIG. 2 shows the results from corrosion testing for biocide 1 (FIG. 2A)and biocide 2 (FIG. 2B) in combination with corrosion inhibitormolecule, cocoamphodiproprionate sodium salt. As can be seen in FIGS. 2Aand 2B, biocide treated produced water brine alone results in corrosionof C1018 carbon steel coupons. However, the addition of 120 ppm ofcocoamphodiproprionate sodium salt results in protection of the C1018carbon steel coupons. Furthermore, while the overall corrosionprotection of biocide 2 treated carbon steel coupons treated withcocoamphodiproprionate (FIG. 2B) is comparable to that of untreatedsamples, the raw data indicates that the corrosion rate is well withinthe acceptable range of corrosion protection (<4 MPY) for an effectivecorrosion inhibitor.

FIG. 3 shows the results from corrosion testing for biocide 3 (FIG. 3A)and biocide 4 (FIG. 3B) in combination with corrosion inhibitormolecule, cocoamphodiproprionate sodium salt. The results indicate thatcocoamphodiproprionate provides corrosion protection compared tountreated samples.

FIG. 4A plots the data showing cocoamphodiproprionate sodium saltcorrosion protection against CO₂ corrosion. CO₂ in water generatedcarbonic acid that is known to cause generalized corrosion. As seen inFIG. 4A, the corrosion rate of C1018 carbon steel coupons aresignificantly reduced when treated with cocoamphodiproprionate sodiumsalt. FIG. 4B tests the combinatory effects of biocide 4 andcocoamphodiproprionate sodium salt to produce anti-microbial properties.FIG. 4B provides cocoamphodiproprionate sodium salt is capable of amodest increase in the biocidal properties of biocide 4 but is notefficient in reducing the number of viable microorganisms by itself.Taken together Table 4 and FIGS. 2, 3 and 4 provide evidence forcorrosion protection by Cocoamphodiproprionate.

Example 2

Evaluation of Hyperbranched Polyesteramide Corrosion InhibitorExperiments used to assess corrosion inhibition properties wereperformed as described previously in Example 1, using 120 ppm ofhyperbranched polyesteramide and 100 ppm of biocides. Corrosion data forhyperbranched polyesteramide added to different biocides is tabulated inTable 5.

TABLE 5 (Corrosion rate of hyperbranched polyesteramide) Corrosion ratein MPY Hyperbranched Bio- Bio- Bio- Bio- polyesteramide cide 1 cide 2cide 3 cide 4 CO₂* Background 4.123 5.063 4.5010 10.8500 104.4000 CI3.26 1.931 4.1100 3.3890 107.2000 Biocide 76.13 6.512 2.9370 3.2410Biocide + 2 hrs 14.36 1.694 2.6390 3.0320 103.5000 Biocide + 8 hrs 1.8982.787 4.5730 2.8150 116.8000 Biocide + 17 hrs 1.494 1.349 5.9450 2.5780127.8000 *No biocide was added in the CO2 only tests

Table 5 and FIGS. 5, 6, and 7 provide evidence for the corrosionprotection conferred by the addition of hyperbranched polyesteramide onthe corrosion rate of 1018 carbon steel compared to untreated samples(no corrosion inhibitor addition) (Table 12). Biocide treated producedwater bine alone results in corrosion of C1018 carbon steel coupons.However, the addition of 120 ppm of hyperbranched polyesteramide resultsin significant protection of the carbon steel coupons. This is apparentin samples treated with Biocide 1 (FIG. 5A and Table 5), Biocide 3 (FIG.6A and Table 5), and Biocide 4 (FIG. 6B and Table 5).

FIG. 5 shows the results from corrosion testing for biocide 1 (FIG. 5A)and biocide 2 (FIG. 5B) in combination with corrosion inhibitormolecule, hyperbranched polyeasteramide. FIG. 5A provides evidence forcorrosion protection conferred by the addition of hyperbranchedpolyesteramide on the corrosion rate of 1018 carbon steel compared tountreated samples. However, even though the overall corrosion protectionfor biocide 2 treated with hyperbranched polyesteramide is lower thanthe untreated samples (FIG. 5B), the corrosion rate is well within theacceptable range of corrosion protection for an effective corrosioninhibitor (<4 MPY).

FIG. 6 provides further evidence of the corrosion protective propertiesof hyperbranched polyesteramide when treated with biocide 3 (FIG. 6A)and biocide 4 (FIG. 6B). As can be seen in the graphs of FIG. 6 theoverall corrosion protection of the C1018 carbon steel coupons treatedhyperbranched polyesteramide is higher than untreated controls.

Additionally, corrosion protection of hyperbranched polyesteramide canbe seen when compared to samples treated with 120 ppm of CONTROL 1(Table 13) and CONTROL 2 (Table 14). FIG. 7A tests the corrosionprotective properties of hyperbranched polyesteramide againstgeneralized corrosion produced by CO₂. The data plotted in FIG. 7A showsthat hyperbranched polyesteramide does not produce a lower corrosionrate compared to untreated controls. FIG. 7B shows hyperbranchedpolyesteramide does not provide any biocidal efficiency alone nor whendosed together with biocide 4. Taken together these data provideevidence for the corrosion protection conferred by hyperbranchedpolyesteramide.

Example 3

Evaluation of Cocoglucoside dimethicone (COCOGDM) Corrosion Inhibitor

Experiments used to assess corrosion inhibition properties wereperformed as described previously in Example 1, using 120 ppm ofCocoglucoside dimethicone and 100 ppm of biocides. Corrosion data forCocoglucoside dimethicone added to different biocides is tabulated inTable 6.

TABLE 6 (Corrosion rate of Cocoglucoside dimethicone) Corrosion rate inMPY Cocoglucoside Bio- Bio- Bio- Bio- dimethicone cide 1 cide 2 cide 3cide 4 CO₂* Background 5.493 2.002 5.54 8.93 104.0000 CI 4.271 0.82423.28 2.60 111.4000 Biocide 86.9 3.055 2.53 4.23 Biocide + 2 hrs 22.741.255 3.37 4.01 110.6000 Biocide + 8 hrs 3.729 0.8096 8.87 3.54 143.7000Biocide + 17 hrs 2.648 0.5581 20.16 3.08 167.5000 *No biocide was addedin the CO₂ only tests

Table 6 and FIGS. 8, 9, and 10 provide evidence for the corrosionprotection conferred by Cocoglucoside dimethicone addition on thecorrosion rate of 1018 carbon steel compared to untreated samples (Table12). This is apparent in samples treated with Biocide 1 (FIG. 8A andTable 6), Biocide 2 (FIG. 8B and Table 6), Biocide 3 (FIG. 9A and Table6), and Biocide 4 (FIG. 9B and Table 6).

FIG. 8 shows the results from corrosion testing for biocide 1 (FIG. 8A)and biocide 2 (FIG. 8B) in combination with corrosion inhibitormolecule, cocoglucoside dimethicone. As can be seen in FIGS. 8A and 8B,biocide treated produced water bine alone results in corrosion of C1018carbon steel coupons. However, the addition of 120 ppm of cocoglucosidedimethicone results in corrosion protection of the carbon steel coupons.

FIG. 9 shows further evidence of the corrosion protective properties ofcocoglucoside dimethicone when treated with biocide 3 (FIG. 9A) andbiocide 4 (FIG. 9B). As can be seen in the graphs of FIG. 9 the overallcorrosion rate of the C1018 carbon steel coupons treated cocoglucosidedimethicone is lower than the untreated controls.

Moreover, corrosion protection by Cocoglucoside dimethicone can be seenwhen compared to samples treated with 120 ppm of CONTROL 1 (Table 13)and CONTROL 2 (Table 14). FIG. 10A tests the corrosion protectiveproperties of cocoglucoside dimethicone against corrosion produced byCO₂. FIG. 10A shows that cocoglucoside dimethicone generally does notproduce a lower corrosion rate compared to untreated controls. FIG. 10Bshows cocoglucoside dimethicone does not provide any biocidal efficiencyalone nor when dosed together with biocide 4.

Example 4

Evaluation of 2-hydroxylethyl-N-methylbutane-1-sulphonamide (2-HNMBSA)Corrosion Inhibitor

Experiments used to assess corrosion inhibition properties wereperformed as described previously in Example 1, using 120 ppm of2-hydroxylethyl-N-methylbutane-1-sulphonamide and 100 ppm of biocides.Corrosion data for 2-hydroxylethyl-N-methylbutane-1-sulphonamide addedto different biocides is tabulated in Table 7.

TABLE 7 (Corrosion rate of 2-hydroxylethyl-N-methylbutane-1-sulphonamide (2-HNMBSA)) 2-hydroxylethyl-N- Corrosion rate in MPYmethylbutane-1- Bio- Bio- Bio- Bio- sulphonamide cide 1 cide 2 cide 3cide 4 CO₂* Background 6.273 1.769 4.2880 7.5470 113.1000 CI 5.1010.6859 3.8820 3.1740 111.6000 Biocide 122.9 2.01 2.7740 2.8890 Biocide +2 hrs 23.91 0.7841 3.4910 2.6270 102.5000 Biocide + 8 hrs 5.312 0.63275.1620 2.2090 47.4900 Biocide + 17 hrs 3.712 0.3224 8.8860 2.073037.5800 *No biocide was added in the CO₂ only tests

Table 7 and FIGS. 11, 12, and 13 provide evidence for the protectiveproperties of 2-hydroxylethyl-N-methylbutane-1-sulphonamide on thecorrosion rate of 1018 carbon steel compared to untreated samples (Table11). Specifically, this is apparent in samples treated with Biocide 1(FIG. 11A and Table 7), Biocide 2 (FIG. 11B and Table 7), Biocide 3(FIG. 12A and Table 7), Biocide 4 (FIG. 12B and Table 7), or untreated(CO₂) (FIG. 13A and Table 7). Furthermore, Silicone2-hydroxylethyl-N-methylbutane-1-sulphonamide mediated corrosiveprotection can be seen when compared to samples treated with 100 ppm ofCONTROL 1 (Table 12) and CONTROL 2 (Table 13). FIG. 11 shows the resultsfrom corrosion testing for biocide 1 (FIG. 11A) and biocide 2 (FIG. 11B)in combination with corrosion inhibitor molecule,2-hydroxylethyl-N-methylbutane-1-sulphonamide. Collectively, FIGS. 11Aand 11B, provide evidence for the corrosion inhibiting properties of2-hydroxylethyl-N-methylbutane-1-sulphonamide, as the rate of carbonsteel coupon corrosion is significantly lower when treated incombination with 2-hydroxylethyl-N-methylbutane-1-sulphonamide comparedto coupons treated with biocide 1 or biocide 2 alone.

FIG. 12 shows the results from corrosion testing for biocide 3 (FIG.12A) and biocide 4 (FIG. 12B) in combination with corrosion inhibitormolecule, 2-hydroxylethyl-N-methylbutane-1-sulphonamide. Collectively,FIGS. 12A and 12B, provide evidence for the corrosion inhibitingproperties of 2-hydroxylethyl-N-methylbutane-1-sulphonamide, as the rateof carbon steel coupon corrosion is significantly lower when treated incombination with 2-hydroxylethyl-N-methylbutane-1-sulphonamide comparedto coupons treated with biocide 3 or biocide 4 alone.

FIG. 13A plots the data showing corrosion protection of2-hydroxylethyl-N-methylbutane-1-sulphonamide against CO2 corrosion. Ascan be seen by the data presented in FIG. 13A,2-hydroxylethyl-N-methylbutane-1-sulphonamide is capable of reducing thecorrosion rates of carbon steel coupons exposed against generalizedcorrosion produced by CO2 compared to untreated controls. FIG. 13B shows2-hydroxylethyl-N-methylbutane-1-sulphonamide does not have any biocidalproperties either by itself or when used in conjunction with a biocide.Collectively these data are consistent for the support of the protectiveproperties of 2-hydroxylethyl-N-methylbutane-1-sulphonamide againstcorrosion.

Example 5

Evaluation of Dodecyl Succinic Anhydride Corrosion Inhibitor

Experiments used to assess corrosion inhibition properties wereperformed as described previously in Example 1, using 120 ppm of Dodecylsuccinic anhydride and 100 ppm of biocides. Corrosion data for Dodecylsuccinic anhydride added to different biocides is tabulated in Table 8.

TABLE 8 (Corrosion rate of dodecenyl succinic anhydride) Corrosion ratein MPY Dodecenyl succinic Bio- Bio- Bio- Bio- anhydride cide 1 cide 2cide 3 cide 4 CO₂* Background 6.094 0.6071 4.6480 9.1110 99.3300 CI5.961 0.5078 6.5540 5.2240 103.5000 Biocide 120.5 4.26 5.5460 4.6270Biocide + 2 hrs 23.83 1.776 3.4150 4.1640 97.1100 Biocide + 8 hrs 4.8280.9521 2.3480 3.7450 121.8000 Biocide + 17 hrs 3.864 0.5356 1.81203.1680 135.9000 *No biocide was added in the CO₂ only tests

Table 8 and FIGS. 14, 15, and 16 provide evidence for the protectiveproperties of Dodecyl succinic anhydride on the corrosion rate of 1018carbon steel compared to untreated samples (Table 11). Specifically,this is apparent in samples treated with Biocide 1 (FIG. 14A and Table8), Biocide 2 (FIG. 14B and Table 8), Biocide 3 (FIG. 15A and Table 8),Biocide 4 (FIG. 15B and Table 8), or untreated (CO₂) (FIG. 16A and Table8). Likewise, Dodecyl succinic anhydride mediated corrosive protectioncan be seen when compared to samples treated with 100 ppm of CONTROL 1(Table 12) and CONTROL 2 (Table 13).

FIG. 14 shows the results from corrosion testing for biocide 1 (FIG.14A) and biocide 2 (FIG. 14B) in combination with corrosion inhibitormolecule, dodecyl succinic anhydride. FIG. 14A provides evidence forcorrosion protection conferred by the addition of dodecyl succinicanhydride on the corrosion rate of 1018 carbon steel compared tountreated samples. However, even though the overall corrosion protectionfor biocide 2 treated with Dodecyl succinic anhydride is comparable tothe untreated samples (FIG. 14B), the corrosion rate is well within theacceptable range of corrosion protection for an effective corrosioninhibitor.

FIG. 15 shows the results from corrosion testing for biocide 3 (FIG.15A) and biocide 4 (FIG. 15B) in combination with corrosion inhibitormolecule, dodecyl succinic anhydride. Collectively, FIGS. 15A and 15B,provide evidence for the corrosion inhibiting properties of dodecylsuccinic anhydride, as the rate of carbon steel coupon corrosion issignificantly lower when treated in combination with dodecyl succinicanhydride compared to coupons treated with biocide 3 or biocide 4 alone.

FIG. 16A plots the data testing the corrosion protection of dodecylsuccinic anhydride against CO₂ corrosion. As can be seen by the datapresented in FIG. 16A, dodecyl succinic anhydride does not conferadditional protection against generalized corrosion produced by CO₂compared to untreated controls. FIG. 16B shows dodecenyl succinicanhydride provides a modest increase in the biocidal properties ofglutaraldehyde but is not efficient in reducing the number of viablemicroorganisms by itself. Taken together these data provide evidence forthe corrosion protection conferred by Dodecenyl succinic anhydride andin the enhancement of biocide activity.

Example 6

Evaluation of Cetyl pyridinium bromide (CPBr) Corrosion InhibitorExperiments used to assess corrosion inhibition properties wereperformed as described previously in Example 1, using 120 ppm of Cetylpyridinium bromide and 100 ppm of biocides. Corrosion data for Cetylpyridinium bromide added to different biocides is tabulated in Table 9.

TABLE 9 (Corrosion rate of Cetyl pyridinium bromide (CPBr)) Corrosionrate in MPY Cetyl pyridinium Bio- Bio- Bio- Bio- bromide cide 1 cide 2cide 3 cide 4 CO₂* Background 7.31 7.869 7.2380 7.8640 193.2000 CI 0.770.104 0.9756 0.5679 85.2200 Biocide 20.9 0.4069 0.6910 0.4975 Biocide +2 hrs 2.07 0.2664 0.4639 0.4701 37.0800 Biocide + 8 hrs 0.79 0.065660.3904 0.4857 17.1100 Biocide + 17 hrs 0.768 0.04248 0.3708 0.457811.4700 *No biocide was added in the CO₂ only tests

Table 9 and FIGS. 17, 18, and 19 provide evidence for the protectiveproperties of Cetyl pyridinium bromide on the corrosion rate of 1018carbon steel compared to untreated samples (Table 11). Specifically,this is apparent in samples treated with Biocide 1 (FIG. 17A and Table9), Biocide 2 (FIG. 17B and Table 9), Biocide 3 (FIG. 18A and Table 9),Biocide 4 (FIG. 18B and Table 9), or untreated (CO₂) (FIG. 19A and Table9). Likewise, Cetyl pyridinium bromide mediated corrosive protection canbe seen when compared to samples treated with 100 ppm of CONTROL 1(Table 12) and CONTROL 2 (Table 13).

FIG. 17 shows the results from corrosion testing for biocide 1 (FIG.17A) and biocide 2 (FIG. 17B) in combination with corrosion inhibitormolecule, cetyl pyridinium bromide. Collectively, FIGS. 17A and 17B,provide evidence for the corrosion inhibiting properties of cetylpyridinium bromide, as the rate of corrosion of 1018 carbon steelcoupons is significantly lower when treated in combination with cetylpyridinium bromide compared to coupons treated with biocide 1 or biocide2 alone.

FIG. 18 shows the results from corrosion testing for biocide 3 (FIG.18A) and biocide 4 (FIG. 18B) in combination with corrosion inhibitormolecule, cetyl pyridinium bromide. Collectively, FIGS. 18A and 18B,provide evidence for the corrosion inhibiting properties of cetylpyridinium bromide, as the rate of corrosion of 1018 carbon steelcoupons is significantly lower when treated in combination with cetylpyridinium bromide compared to coupons treated with biocide 3 or biocide4 alone.

FIG. 19A tests the corrosion protective properties of cetyl pyridiniumbromide against generalized corrosion produced by CO₂. The data plottedin FIG. 19A shows that cetyl pyridinium bromide is sufficient to producea lower corrosion rate compared to untreated controls. FIG. 19B showscetyl pyridinium bromide provides excellent biocidal enhancement whenused in conjunction with biocide 4, in addition to efficiently reducingthe number of viable microorganisms by itself. Collectively these dataare consistent for the support of the protective properties of Cetylpyridinium bromide against corrosion and in the enhancement of biocideactivity.

Example 7

Evaluation of Cetyl Pyridinium Chloride (CPCl) Corrosion Inhibitor

Experiments used to assess corrosion inhibition properties wereperformed as described previously in Example 1, using 120 ppm of CetylPyridinium chloride and 100 ppm of biocides. Corrosion data for CetylPyridinium chloride added to different biocides is tabulated in Table10.

TABLE 10 (Corrosion rate of cetyl pyridinium chloride (CPCl)) Corrosionrate in MPY Cetyl pyridinium Bio- Bio- Bio- Bio- chloride cide 1 cide 2cide 3 cide 4 CO₂* Background 8.14 10.49 1.0650 10.6200 130.2000 CI 0.770.7982 0.7489 0.4899 100.0000 Biocide 20.9 0.8032 0.2082 0.5195Biocide + 2 hrs 2.05 0.6038 0.1168 0.4446 43.7400 Biocide + 8 hrs 0.7760.6764 0.1096 0.3826 22.7800 Biocide + 17 hrs 0.746 0.4709 0.1401 0.318917.1800 *No biocide was added in the CO₂ only tests

Table 10 and FIGS. 20, 21, and 22 provide evidence for the protectiveproperties of Cetyl pyridinium chloride on the corrosion rate of 1018carbon steel compared to untreated samples (Table 11). Specifically,this is apparent in samples treated with Biocide 1 (FIG. 20A and Table10), Biocide 2 (FIG. 20B and Table 10), Biocide 3 (FIG. 21A and Table10), Biocide 4 (FIG. 21B and Table 10), or untreated (CO₂) (FIG. 22A andTable 10). Likewise, Cetyl pyridinium chloride mediated corrosiveprotection can be seen when compared to samples treated with 100 ppm ofCONTROL 1 (Table 12) and CONTROL 2 (Table 13).

FIG. 20 shows the results from corrosion testing for biocide 1 (FIG.20A) and biocide 2 (FIG. 20B) in combination with corrosion inhibitormolecule, cetyl pyridinium chloride. Collectively, FIGS. 20A and 20B,provide evidence for the corrosion inhibiting properties of cetylpyridinium chloride, as the rate of corrosion of 1018 carbon steelcoupons is significantly lower when treated in combination with cetylpyridinium chloride compared to coupons treated with biocide 1 orbiocide 2 alone.

FIG. 21 provides further evidence of corrosion protective propertiestesting for biocide 3 (FIG. 21A) and biocide 4 (FIG. 21B) in combinationwith corrosion inhibitor molecule, cetyl pyridinium chloride.Collectively, FIGS. 21A and 21B, provide evidence for the corrosioninhibiting properties of cetyl pyridinium chloride, as the rate ofcorrosion of 1018 carbon steel coupons is significantly lower whentreated in combination with cetyl pyridinium chloride compared tocoupons treated with biocide 3 or biocide 4 alone.

FIG. 22A tests the corrosion protective properties of cetyl pyridiniumchloride against generalized corrosion produced by CO₂. The data plottedin FIG. 22A shows that cetyl pyridinium chloride is sufficient toproduce a lower corrosion rate compared to untreated controls. FIG. 22Bshows cetyl pyridinium chloride provides excellent biocidal enhancementwhen used in conjunction with biocide 4, in addition to efficientlyreducing the number of viable microorganisms by itself. Collectivelythese data are consistent for the support of the protective propertiesof Cetyl pyridinium chloride against corrosion and in the enhancement ofbiocide activity.

Example 8

Evaluation of CONTROL 1, CONTROL 2, and No corrosion inhibitorExperiments used to assess corrosion inhibition properties wereperformed as described previously in Example 1, using 120 ppm of CONTROL1 (Table 12) or 120 ppm of CONTROL 2 (Table 13) or no corrosioninhibitor (Table 11) and 100 ppm of biocides.

TABLE 11 (Corrosion rate in MPY of produced water brine treated with 100ppm of biocide) No corrosion Bio- Bio- Bio- Bio- inhibitor cide 1 cide 2cide 3 cide 4 CO₂* Background 2.922 1.282 5.2940 9.8760 159.0000 Biocide164.8 5.043 6.8760 7.5220 Biocide + 2 hrs 47.82 2.003 3.9310 6.5650128.5000 Biocide + 8 hrs 15.26 1.069 10.3000 7.3290 120.2000 Biocide +17 hrs 9.025 0.4475 22.4500 6.8860 119.4000 *No biocide was added in theCO₂ only tests.

TABLE 12 (Corrosion rate in MPY of produced water brine treated with 120ppm of CONTROL 1 (Quat) and 100 ppm of the biocide) CONTROL 1 Bio- Bio-Bio- Bio- cide 1 cide 2 cide 3 cide 4 CO₂* Background 2.956 10.6 1.139.49 73.4000 CI 0.6718 0.6933 0.64 0.64 60.3400 Biocide 100 0.6607 0.250.60 Biocide + 2 hrs 47.6 0.6369 0.17 0.47 76.5700 Biocide + 8 hrs 22.20.5407 0.16 0.38 112.9000 Biocide + 17 hrs 14.82 0.4188 0.16 0.44125.2000 *No biocide was added in the CO₂ only tests

TABLE 13 (Corrosion rate in MPY of produced water brine treated with 120ppm of CONTROL 2 (Imidazoline) and 100 ppm of the biocide) CONTROL 2Bio- Bio- Bio- Bio- cide 1 cide 2 cide 3 cide 4 CO₂* Background 6.49410.75 6.61 9.28 111.1000 CI 1.034 0.5612 2.36 0.96 115.2000 Biocide166.1 0.7421 1.53 0.80 Biocide + 2 hrs 53.73 0.5246 1.31 0.63 17.0600Biocide + 8 hrs 29.6 0.3357 0.89 0.41 2.5910 Biocide + 17 hrs 34.490.2842 1.09 0.33 1.7490 *No biocide was added in the CO₂ only tests

TABLE 14 (Corrosion rate in MPY of produced water brine treated with 120ppm of CONTROL 3 (2-mercaptoethanol) and 100 ppm of the biocide) CONTROL3 Bio- Bio- Bio- Bio- cide 1 cide 2 cide 3 cide 4 CO₂* Background 3.811.6 8.37 8.36 105.5000 CI 6.1 15.96 10.74 10.57 9.1810 Biocide 28.126.89 9.62 10.12 Biocide + 2 hrs 27.7 22.43 3.57 10.20 4.0350 Biocide +8 hrs 20.5 17.78 1.36 8.91 3.0320 Biocide + 17 hrs 18.1 13.44 1.25 7.392.7150

In embodiments of the invention a synergist is often added to thecorrosion inhibitor formulations to enhance performance. However,synergist alone does not provide any corrosion protection in thepresence of a biocide in produced water, as shown in Table 14 with thecontrol testing. When tested in brine, under CO₂ saturated conditions,the synergist provides excellent corrosion protection.

Collectively, the known corrosion inhibitors CONTROL 1 and CONTROL 2provide similar corrosion inhibitory properties when compared tococoamphodiproprionate sodium salt, hyperbranched polyeasteramide (shownas 55N), cocoglucoside dimethicone,2-hydroxylethyl-N-methylbutane-1-sulphonamide, or dodecyl succinicanhydride demonstrating the corrosion inhibitors provide at leastsubstantially similar performance or improved corrosion inhibitionperformance as commercially-available controls. Whereas cetyl pyridiniumbromide and cetyl pyridinium chloride provide the most resistance tocorrosion against the biocides tested, in addition to providing the mostbiocidal enhancing effects in combination with Biocide 4.

FIG. 23 shows the percentage viable bacterial for untreated, 120 ppmcorrosion inhibitor treated and 120 ppm corrosion inhibitor+100 ppmbiocide 4 treated. Cetyl pyridinium bromide and cetyl pyridiniumchloride show enhancement in biocide activity when used in conjunctionwith a biocide.

The inventions being thus described, it will be obvious that the samemay be varied in many ways. Such variations are not to be regarded as adeparture from the spirit and scope of the inventions and all suchmodifications are intended to be included within the scope of thefollowing claims. The above specification provides a description of themanufacture and use of the disclosed compositions and methods. Sincemany embodiments can be made without departing from the spirit and scopeof the invention, the invention resides in the claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A corrosion inhibited aqueous compositioncomprising: from about 0.5 ppm to about 50,000 ppm of an oxidizingbiocide comprising a peroxycarboxylic acid or a peroxycarboxylic acidforming composition, or non-oxidizing biocide; and from about 1 ppm toabout 1,000 ppm of a corrosion inhibitor is an alkyl pyridinium salt,cetyl pyridinium salt, polyesteramide, dimethicone, imidazolederivative, sulphonamide or combination thereof, wherein the compositionhas a pH below 12.0, and wherein the corrosion inhibited aqueouscomposition provides a treated surface or system with a corrosion rateof less than about 4 mils per year (MPY).
 2. The composition of claim 1,wherein the non-oxidizing biocide comprises a quaternary phosphoniumsalt, an aldehyde, tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium sulfate (THPS),glutaraldehyde or combinations thereof.
 3. The composition of claim 1,wherein the composition is shelf-stable for a period of at least 1month.
 4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition isshelf-stable for a period of at least 6 months.
 5. The composition ofclaim 1, comprising from about 0.5 ppm to about 10,000 ppm of a biocide;and from about 1 ppm to about 800 ppm of the corrosion inhibitor.
 6. Thecomposition of claim 1, wherein the oxidizing biocide is a C1-C22peroxycarboxylic acid composition or a C1-C22 peroxycarboxylic acidforming composition.
 7. The composition of claim 6, wherein theperoxycarboxylic acid comprises peroxyformic acid.
 8. The composition ofclaim 6, wherein the peroxycarboxylic acid is formed from a two partcomposition, wherein the first part is a premix comprising a carboxylicacid and the corrosion inhibitor, and wherein the second part is asource of hydrogen peroxide.
 9. The composition of claim 8, wherein thepremix comprising the carboxylic acid and the corrosion inhibitor isshelf-stable for a period of at least 1 month.
 10. The composition ofclaim 8, wherein the premix comprising the carboxylic acid and thecorrosion inhibitor is shelf-stable for a period of at least 6 months.11. The composition of claim 8, wherein the two part composition iscombined to generate the peroxycarboxylic acid in situ and wherein thetwo part composition is shelf-stable for a period of at least 1 month.12. The composition of claim 8, wherein the premix comprises from about1 to about 99 wt-% carboxylic acid and from about 1 to about 99 wt-%corrosion inhibitor.
 13. The composition of claim 12, wherein the premixcomprises from about 20 to about 80 wt-% carboxylic acid and from about20 to about 80 wt-% corrosion inhibitor.
 14. The composition of claim 8,wherein the first premix and/or the second part comprise additionalfunctional ingredients.
 15. The composition of claim 14, wherein theadditional functional ingredient is a catalyst, stabilizing agent, pHbuffering agent, acidulant, friction reducer, viscosity enhancer,defoaming agent, anti-redeposition agent, bleaching agent, solubilitymodifier, dispersant, metal protecting agent, additional corrosioninhibitor, additional biocide, scale inhibitor, sequestrant and/orchelating agent, peracid stabilizer, surfactant and/or antimicrobialagent, additional carboxylic acid, emulsion breaker, emulsionstabilizer, fragrance and/or dye, rheology modifier or thickener,hydrotrope or coupler, buffer, solvent and/or combinations thereof.